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<p>The Bari Limestone in Manggarai, NW Flores, Indonesia, represents a significant yet underexplored resource for cement production. This study presents the first comprehensive geological, geochemical, and resource assessment to evaluate its industrial suitability. Detailed mapping, systematic trenching, and 703&#xa0;m of core drilling across six boreholes delineate a tectonically stable, fracture-free deposit marking the regional Miocene transition from volcanism to carbonate platform. XRF analysis confirms high-purity calcitic limestone (avg. 52.04% CaO, 0.87% MgO; <i>N</i> = 410), fully meeting Type I Ordinary Portland Cement specifications. Distinctively, this research compares resource estimation methodologies—specifically cross-sectional versus 3D volumetric modelling—and evaluates topographic data precision by contrasting Digital Elevation Models (DEM) with Total Station (TS) surveys. Resource classifications and reserve calculations were executed in strict adherence to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The 3D model delineated 1.08&#xa0;billion tons in situ resources, with 943&#xa0;million tons mineable, capable of sustaining a 9 Mtpa cement plant for over a century. Economic analysis indicates robust viability (IRR 29%, break-even in year six), though the potential for karstification necessitates rigorous environmental management. By bridging detailed geological data with standardized industrial estimation methods, this study confirms the Bari Limestone as a strategic, high-quality asset for Eastern Indonesia’s infrastructure development.</p>

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The Geology and Mining Potential of the Bari Limestone for Cement Production, NW Flores, Indonesia

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月29日

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  • Adept Titu-Eki,
  • Noni Banunaek,
  • Herry Z. Kotta,
  • Maria Andrina Nuha,
  • Maria Vianita G. Pake,
  • Patrisia A. Jinorati,
  • Permenas Arkalaus Manilapai

摘要

The Bari Limestone in Manggarai, NW Flores, Indonesia, represents a significant yet underexplored resource for cement production. This study presents the first comprehensive geological, geochemical, and resource assessment to evaluate its industrial suitability. Detailed mapping, systematic trenching, and 703 m of core drilling across six boreholes delineate a tectonically stable, fracture-free deposit marking the regional Miocene transition from volcanism to carbonate platform. XRF analysis confirms high-purity calcitic limestone (avg. 52.04% CaO, 0.87% MgO; N = 410), fully meeting Type I Ordinary Portland Cement specifications. Distinctively, this research compares resource estimation methodologies—specifically cross-sectional versus 3D volumetric modelling—and evaluates topographic data precision by contrasting Digital Elevation Models (DEM) with Total Station (TS) surveys. Resource classifications and reserve calculations were executed in strict adherence to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The 3D model delineated 1.08 billion tons in situ resources, with 943 million tons mineable, capable of sustaining a 9 Mtpa cement plant for over a century. Economic analysis indicates robust viability (IRR 29%, break-even in year six), though the potential for karstification necessitates rigorous environmental management. By bridging detailed geological data with standardized industrial estimation methods, this study confirms the Bari Limestone as a strategic, high-quality asset for Eastern Indonesia’s infrastructure development.