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<p>Coal remains one of the most significant industrial minerals, central to energy production and industrial development, yet its extraction and utilization present complex environmental challenges. This study investigates the dynamic relationships among coal production, coal rent, labor force participation, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and economic growth across 31 major coal-producing countries over a 27-year period. Employing second-generation econometric modeling and the Westerlund cointegration test, the findings confirm a significant long-run relationship among these variables. Results reveal that coal production and economic growth substantially increase GHG emissions, both in the short and long term, whereas coal rent and labor force demonstrate mitigating effects on environmental degradation. These outcomes underscore coal’s dual role as an industrial mineral that supports economic development while simultaneously challenging sustainability targets. The study emphasizes the need to adopt clean coal technologies, co-firing systems, and renewable alternatives to optimize coal’s industrial use while reducing its environmental footprint. By integrating economic and environmental perspectives, this research contributes to the broader discourse on industrial mineral extraction, utilization, and sustainable development.</p>

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Industrial Mineral Perspectives on Coal: Econometric Evidence of Extraction, Utilization, and Environmental Impacts on Global Coal-Producing Nations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月26日

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  • Muhammad Mohsin,
  • Sobia Naseem

摘要

Coal remains one of the most significant industrial minerals, central to energy production and industrial development, yet its extraction and utilization present complex environmental challenges. This study investigates the dynamic relationships among coal production, coal rent, labor force participation, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and economic growth across 31 major coal-producing countries over a 27-year period. Employing second-generation econometric modeling and the Westerlund cointegration test, the findings confirm a significant long-run relationship among these variables. Results reveal that coal production and economic growth substantially increase GHG emissions, both in the short and long term, whereas coal rent and labor force demonstrate mitigating effects on environmental degradation. These outcomes underscore coal’s dual role as an industrial mineral that supports economic development while simultaneously challenging sustainability targets. The study emphasizes the need to adopt clean coal technologies, co-firing systems, and renewable alternatives to optimize coal’s industrial use while reducing its environmental footprint. By integrating economic and environmental perspectives, this research contributes to the broader discourse on industrial mineral extraction, utilization, and sustainable development.