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<p>The escalating generation of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) presents a critical challenge for sustainable development, particularly in managing the graphite enriched residue, known as "black mass," that remains after the hydrometallurgical recovery of cathode materials. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in recycling and reutilization technologies for spent graphite anode materials. It provides a comprehensive overview of primary recycling strategies, including physical separation, hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, and combined hydrometallurgy pyrometallurgy processes, while critically analyzing their respective advantages, limitations, and applicability. The article further examines value added modification strategies for regenerated graphite, such as surface coating and elemental doping, which aim to repair structural defects and enhance electrochemical performance for potential reintegration into LIBs or other energy storage devices. Additionally, diverse high value applications of recycled graphite beyond battery systems are extensively discussed, including the preparation of graphene, efficient adsorbents, catalysts, and various functional composites. This review aims to delineate the current research landscape, identify key scientific and technological challenges, and propose future research directions, thereby providing theoretical insights and technical support for the efficient, economical, and environmentally sustainable utilization of graphite residue from spent LIB black mass.</p>

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Valorization of Leached Graphite from Spent Lithium-ion Battery Black Mass: A Review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月24日

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  • Mingzhuang Xie,
  • Yadong Qiao,
  • Guoqing Yu,
  • Han Lv,
  • Xiangjun Zhang,
  • Hongliang Zhao,
  • Fengqin Liu

摘要

The escalating generation of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) presents a critical challenge for sustainable development, particularly in managing the graphite enriched residue, known as "black mass," that remains after the hydrometallurgical recovery of cathode materials. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in recycling and reutilization technologies for spent graphite anode materials. It provides a comprehensive overview of primary recycling strategies, including physical separation, hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, and combined hydrometallurgy pyrometallurgy processes, while critically analyzing their respective advantages, limitations, and applicability. The article further examines value added modification strategies for regenerated graphite, such as surface coating and elemental doping, which aim to repair structural defects and enhance electrochemical performance for potential reintegration into LIBs or other energy storage devices. Additionally, diverse high value applications of recycled graphite beyond battery systems are extensively discussed, including the preparation of graphene, efficient adsorbents, catalysts, and various functional composites. This review aims to delineate the current research landscape, identify key scientific and technological challenges, and propose future research directions, thereby providing theoretical insights and technical support for the efficient, economical, and environmentally sustainable utilization of graphite residue from spent LIB black mass.