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<p>Efficient and selective recovery of copper from iron-rich sulfate leach solutions remains a critical challenge for the mining industry due to poor selectivity and process inefficiencies. Additionally, there is a pressing need for systematic optimization and a deeper thermodynamic understanding of copper extraction under these conditions, which routinely challenge industrial operations in achieving effective recovery. This study investigates the solvent extraction behavior of copper from a real sulfate leach solution containing 2.1&#xa0;g/L Cu and 8.7&#xa0;g/L Fe using LIX 984N diluted in kerosene, with the aim of developing an efficient and selective method for copper recovery from an iron-rich leachate. In this regards, the effects of key operational parameters-including solution pH, contact time, extractant concentration, stirring speed, temperature, and organic-to-aqueous phase ratio-were comprehensively evaluated, and the optimal conditions were established. Maximum copper extraction with high selectivity at room temperature and an organic-to-aqueous phase ratio of 1:1 was achieved at an initial pH of 2.5, a contact time of 20&#xa0;min, an extractant concentration of 12.5 v/v%, and a stirring speed of 400&#xa0;rpm. The McCabe–Thiele diagram confirmed that a single-stage extraction was sufficient for effective copper recovery. Mechanistic analysis determined that approximately two moles of LIX 984N were associated with the extraction of one mole of copper. Thermodynamic assessments demonstrated that the extraction process was endothermic (∆H = 76.47&#xa0;kJ/mol) and non-spontaneous under the studied conditions (∆G = 18.06&#xa0;kJ/mol). Kinetic study revealed that Cu<sup>2+</sup> extraction by LIX 984N follows a pseudo-second-order model, indicating a chemical reaction-controlled mechanism rather than a diffusion-controlled process. Finally, copper stripping was carried out using sulfuric acid at varying concentrations. The highest stripping efficiency, 98.65%, was obtained at a phase ratio of 1:1 using 180&#xa0;g/L H2SO4 in two stages with a contact time of 10&#xa0;min.</p>

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Study of Copper Solvent Extraction Mechanism from Sulfate Leach Solution Using LIX 984N

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月8日

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  • Aboubakr Shahbakhsh,
  • Asghar Azizi,
  • Mostafa Hosseinzadeh,
  • Amir Reza Houshmand,
  • Ahmad Hassanzadeh

摘要

Efficient and selective recovery of copper from iron-rich sulfate leach solutions remains a critical challenge for the mining industry due to poor selectivity and process inefficiencies. Additionally, there is a pressing need for systematic optimization and a deeper thermodynamic understanding of copper extraction under these conditions, which routinely challenge industrial operations in achieving effective recovery. This study investigates the solvent extraction behavior of copper from a real sulfate leach solution containing 2.1 g/L Cu and 8.7 g/L Fe using LIX 984N diluted in kerosene, with the aim of developing an efficient and selective method for copper recovery from an iron-rich leachate. In this regards, the effects of key operational parameters-including solution pH, contact time, extractant concentration, stirring speed, temperature, and organic-to-aqueous phase ratio-were comprehensively evaluated, and the optimal conditions were established. Maximum copper extraction with high selectivity at room temperature and an organic-to-aqueous phase ratio of 1:1 was achieved at an initial pH of 2.5, a contact time of 20 min, an extractant concentration of 12.5 v/v%, and a stirring speed of 400 rpm. The McCabe–Thiele diagram confirmed that a single-stage extraction was sufficient for effective copper recovery. Mechanistic analysis determined that approximately two moles of LIX 984N were associated with the extraction of one mole of copper. Thermodynamic assessments demonstrated that the extraction process was endothermic (∆H = 76.47 kJ/mol) and non-spontaneous under the studied conditions (∆G = 18.06 kJ/mol). Kinetic study revealed that Cu2+ extraction by LIX 984N follows a pseudo-second-order model, indicating a chemical reaction-controlled mechanism rather than a diffusion-controlled process. Finally, copper stripping was carried out using sulfuric acid at varying concentrations. The highest stripping efficiency, 98.65%, was obtained at a phase ratio of 1:1 using 180 g/L H2SO4 in two stages with a contact time of 10 min.