Advance Development in Natural Graphite Material and Its Applications: A Review

Graphite is a promising and forward-looking mineral expected to drive not only technological advancements but also cultural shifts in the future. It has numerous applications and is particularly critical for electric vehicle batteries, which has significantly increased its demand. However, the beneficiation of graphite ore is crucial as it determines the quality, market value, and suitability for various technological applications, including thermal conditions, graphite battery electrode production, and the nuclear sector. Given that graphite is naturally hydrophobic (similar to coal), its carbon content is a key factor limiting its utility. The removal of contaminants from high-grade graphite minerals poses a significant challenge. This review briefly introduces standard graphite refinement techniques, including gravity, magnetic, electric, flotation separation, and thermo-chemical purification methods at high temperatures, as reported by various research groups worldwide. Finally, the key energy storage applications, such as supercapacitors and batteries that utilize graphite-based materials, were discussed with a focus on their roles in thermal management, graphite-based cement composites, dual-ion batteries, bipolar plates, nuclear graphite, moderators and reflectors, and high-performance energy storage devices. The primary aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in natural graphite materials. The review seeks to highlight the progress in the synthesis, modification, and characterization of natural graphite, along with its emerging applications across various fields. The review aims to explore the potential of natural graphite in addressing challenges related to energy storage, environmental sustainability, and technological innovations.