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<p>Flooding poses severe threats to infrastructure, livelihoods, and human safety, particularly in developing countries where exposure is often intensified by limited institutional capacity, rapid land-use change, and constrained financial resources. Although GIS–MCDA approaches have been widely applied in flood studies, existing applications remain fragmented and are often dominated by biophysical indicators, with limited integration of technical, institutional, socio-economic, and financial dimensions. This systematic literature review aims to consolidate and categorize the determinants used in GIS–MCDA-based flood risk management studies in developing countries, identify underrepresented dimensions and methodological gaps, and develop a decision-relevant synthesis to support more context-sensitive flood management planning. The review followed PRISMA principles and examined peer-reviewed empirical studies published between 2016 and 2024. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using Boolean combinations of flood-related, GIS/geospatial, and MCDA/MCDM terms. After duplicate removal, screening, eligibility assessment, and quality appraisal, 28 studies were included in the final synthesis. Thematic content analysis was used to extract, harmonize, and classify reported variables into five determinant categories: natural, technical, institutional, socio-economic, and financial factors. The findings show that natural factors—such as rainfall, elevation, slope, drainage density, land use/land cover, soil, geology, and distance to rivers—remain the most frequently used determinants. By contrast, institutional and financial factors are rarely operationalized as measurable GIS–MCDA criteria. The review highlights the need for flood risk management frameworks that move beyond hazard mapping toward integrated, implementation-oriented decision support. Future research should strengthen validation, sensitivity analysis, stakeholder-based weighting, and the inclusion of governance and financing indicators in GIS–MCDA models.</p>

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A systematic literature review on GIS and MCDA based flood risk management determinants in developing countries

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月13日

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  • Aptu Andy Kurniawan,
  • Sunardi Sunardi,
  • Hendarmawan Hendarmawan,
  • Iwan Ridwansyah

摘要

Flooding poses severe threats to infrastructure, livelihoods, and human safety, particularly in developing countries where exposure is often intensified by limited institutional capacity, rapid land-use change, and constrained financial resources. Although GIS–MCDA approaches have been widely applied in flood studies, existing applications remain fragmented and are often dominated by biophysical indicators, with limited integration of technical, institutional, socio-economic, and financial dimensions. This systematic literature review aims to consolidate and categorize the determinants used in GIS–MCDA-based flood risk management studies in developing countries, identify underrepresented dimensions and methodological gaps, and develop a decision-relevant synthesis to support more context-sensitive flood management planning. The review followed PRISMA principles and examined peer-reviewed empirical studies published between 2016 and 2024. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using Boolean combinations of flood-related, GIS/geospatial, and MCDA/MCDM terms. After duplicate removal, screening, eligibility assessment, and quality appraisal, 28 studies were included in the final synthesis. Thematic content analysis was used to extract, harmonize, and classify reported variables into five determinant categories: natural, technical, institutional, socio-economic, and financial factors. The findings show that natural factors—such as rainfall, elevation, slope, drainage density, land use/land cover, soil, geology, and distance to rivers—remain the most frequently used determinants. By contrast, institutional and financial factors are rarely operationalized as measurable GIS–MCDA criteria. The review highlights the need for flood risk management frameworks that move beyond hazard mapping toward integrated, implementation-oriented decision support. Future research should strengthen validation, sensitivity analysis, stakeholder-based weighting, and the inclusion of governance and financing indicators in GIS–MCDA models.