<p>A significant issue in Indian agriculture is the fragmentation of croplands into small landholdings, which results in the division of agricultural land into smaller and often uneconomical parcels. Fragmentation, or the breakdown of landholdings into smaller parcels, has an adverse impact on crop yields and productivity due to its uneconomic operational sizes. Therefore, accurate mapping of small landholdings (SLs) is necessary for precise monitoring of crop health, soil conditions, water usage, and many other factors, which can significantly improve the productivity of fragmented land parcels and sustain the country's’s food security. This comprehensive review provides insights into the complex dynamics of SLs in India by leveraging Earth Observation (EO) based remote sensing data and technology, synthesizing the existing literature, methodologies, and outcomes, as well as technological advancements, their challenges and limitations.This study aims to synthesize the current challenges, management practices, and applications of Earth Observation (EO) technologies for mapping, monitoring, and parametric assessment of small-scale agricultural landholdings in India. The review also discussed different remote sensing platforms and how to utilize their varied spectrums for identifying and characterizing SLs at different geographies in India. By incorporating EO approaches into Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) frameworks, the study highlights how fragmented croplands can be better identified, monitored, and safeguarded against disasters and climate-induced agricultural risks. This study will support the decision-making process and policy formulation in the Indian agricultural system by providing comprehensive insights from EO-based sensing perspectives. Finally, this will help to plan more productive and sustainable farming methods, which will be advantageous to both farmers and the national economy.</p>