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<p>The applicability of the stress–strain formulations in Eurocode 2 (BS EN 1992-1-1:2004 and British Standard (BS 8110-2:1985)) for modeling the compressive behavior of concrete in non-linear structural analysis is investigated. Both codes employ similar expressions governed by a key parameter–<i>k</i>-factor. The current formulation incorporates an empirically calibrated constant to align the theoretical tangent modulus with the secant modulus obtained from experimental data. However, this constant remains fixed and does not account for variations in concrete properties, resulting in mathematical inconsistency within certain strength ranges. A modified equation for determining the <i>k</i>-factor is derived to overcome this limitation. Comparative and validation analyses demonstrate that the proposed formulation provides a more reliable prediction of the stress–strain response, particularly for low- and normal-strength concrete.</p>

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Modified stress–strain relationship for non-linear structural analysis of concrete structures

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月25日

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  • Hameed Shakir Al-Aasm

摘要

The applicability of the stress–strain formulations in Eurocode 2 (BS EN 1992-1-1:2004 and British Standard (BS 8110-2:1985)) for modeling the compressive behavior of concrete in non-linear structural analysis is investigated. Both codes employ similar expressions governed by a key parameter–k-factor. The current formulation incorporates an empirically calibrated constant to align the theoretical tangent modulus with the secant modulus obtained from experimental data. However, this constant remains fixed and does not account for variations in concrete properties, resulting in mathematical inconsistency within certain strength ranges. A modified equation for determining the k-factor is derived to overcome this limitation. Comparative and validation analyses demonstrate that the proposed formulation provides a more reliable prediction of the stress–strain response, particularly for low- and normal-strength concrete.