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<p>This study presents the green synthesis of magnetite (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) nanoparticles using papaya (Carica papaya) leaf extract as an eco-friendly reducing and stabilizing agent. Ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl<sub>3</sub>+6&#xa0;H<sub>2</sub>O) and ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO<sub>4</sub>+7&#xa0;H<sub>2</sub>O) were reacted in a 2:1 molar ratio with the plant extract under controlled conditions. The resulting brown-colored precipitate was thoroughly dried, collected, and stored for characterization. FESEM analysis revealed agglomerated nanoparticles with an average size of ~ 280&#xa0;nm, while EDX confirmed the presence of iron (72.52%) and oxygen (15.92%), validating Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> formation. For practical application, the synthesized nanoparticles were dispersed at 50 ppm in an M20 biodiesel blend (20% mahua biodiesel, 80% diesel) and tested in a single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine under varying loads. The nanoparticle-enriched blend demonstrated a 1.93% increase in Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and a 1.18% decrease in Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC), alongside reductions in NOx (5.25%), HC (6.02%), CO (16.13%), and smoke opacity (23.26%). These findings highlight the dual advantages of green-synthesized Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles in improving combustion efficiency while mitigating harmful emissions, supporting sustainable diesel engine operation.</p>

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Papaya leaf extract-mediated synthesis and characterization of magnetite nanoparticles with application in diesel engine performance analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月7日

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  • Srinivasarao M.,
  • Srinivasarao Ch.,
  • Swarna Kumari A.,
  • Sarojini Jajimoggala,
  • Shabana Shabana,
  • Joga Rao Bikkavolu,
  • Debabrata Barik,
  • Milon Selvam Dennison,
  • Ayyar Dinesh,
  • Saravanan Rajendran

摘要

This study presents the green synthesis of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles using papaya (Carica papaya) leaf extract as an eco-friendly reducing and stabilizing agent. Ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3+6 H2O) and ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4+7 H2O) were reacted in a 2:1 molar ratio with the plant extract under controlled conditions. The resulting brown-colored precipitate was thoroughly dried, collected, and stored for characterization. FESEM analysis revealed agglomerated nanoparticles with an average size of ~ 280 nm, while EDX confirmed the presence of iron (72.52%) and oxygen (15.92%), validating Fe3O4 formation. For practical application, the synthesized nanoparticles were dispersed at 50 ppm in an M20 biodiesel blend (20% mahua biodiesel, 80% diesel) and tested in a single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine under varying loads. The nanoparticle-enriched blend demonstrated a 1.93% increase in Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and a 1.18% decrease in Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC), alongside reductions in NOx (5.25%), HC (6.02%), CO (16.13%), and smoke opacity (23.26%). These findings highlight the dual advantages of green-synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles in improving combustion efficiency while mitigating harmful emissions, supporting sustainable diesel engine operation.