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<p>This review paper examines battery management system (BMS) for nanosatellites in low earth orbit, addressing a significant knowledge gap at the intersection of space power systems and battery technology. Through systematic analysis of 108 high-impact journal publications spanning 2010–2024, a comprehensive framework addressing nine critical design factors affecting BMS implementation is established. The review presents the first comprehensive classification of 50+ commercially available BMS integrated circuits across five functional categories (authentication, charger, fuel gauge, monitor/balancer, and protector) specifically evaluated for nanosatellite applications, offering valuable selection guidance for mission designers. Comparative analysis demonstrates that Kalman filter-based state of charge estimation methods achieve ± 3% accuracy across the − 40 to + 85&#xa0;°C operational range, compared to ± 8% for open circuit voltage methods under thermal cycling conditions, while requiring only 2–5% of typical nanosatellite processing resources making the accuracy-computation trade-off favourable for mission-critical applications. The systematic framework reveals that lithium-ion batteries currently dominate nanosatellite applications, while significant opportunities exist in developing flexible, software-defined BMS architectures capable of in-orbit reconfiguration. Key findings emphasize the need for radiation-tolerant implementations, adaptive thermal management solutions, and simplified autonomous control algorithms suitable for resource-constrained platforms. This work provides essential guidance for researchers and engineers developing next-generation power systems for nanosatellite missions, with broader implications for advancing miniaturized space technology in challenging orbital environments.</p>

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A review on design challenges and future opportunities of battery management system for low earth orbit nanosatellites

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月7日

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  • Babu Vishwanath Hemath Kumar,
  • Kitamura Kentaro,
  • Necmi Cihan Orger

摘要

This review paper examines battery management system (BMS) for nanosatellites in low earth orbit, addressing a significant knowledge gap at the intersection of space power systems and battery technology. Through systematic analysis of 108 high-impact journal publications spanning 2010–2024, a comprehensive framework addressing nine critical design factors affecting BMS implementation is established. The review presents the first comprehensive classification of 50+ commercially available BMS integrated circuits across five functional categories (authentication, charger, fuel gauge, monitor/balancer, and protector) specifically evaluated for nanosatellite applications, offering valuable selection guidance for mission designers. Comparative analysis demonstrates that Kalman filter-based state of charge estimation methods achieve ± 3% accuracy across the − 40 to + 85 °C operational range, compared to ± 8% for open circuit voltage methods under thermal cycling conditions, while requiring only 2–5% of typical nanosatellite processing resources making the accuracy-computation trade-off favourable for mission-critical applications. The systematic framework reveals that lithium-ion batteries currently dominate nanosatellite applications, while significant opportunities exist in developing flexible, software-defined BMS architectures capable of in-orbit reconfiguration. Key findings emphasize the need for radiation-tolerant implementations, adaptive thermal management solutions, and simplified autonomous control algorithms suitable for resource-constrained platforms. This work provides essential guidance for researchers and engineers developing next-generation power systems for nanosatellite missions, with broader implications for advancing miniaturized space technology in challenging orbital environments.