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<p>Ahmedabad, a metropolitan city in Gujarat, faces severe water quality deterioration in the Sabarmati River due to inadequately treated municipal and industrial effluents. This study seasonally assessed water quality at six sites (A–F) across three consecutive seasons (summer 2023, rainy 2023, and winter 2024) and compared results with World Health Organization standards. Standard methods (American Public Health Association/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), were employed to analyze physicochemical parameters, organic contaminants, heavy metals, and bacterial diversity (metagenomics). Findings revealed clear spatial and seasonal variations. pH ranged from 7.33–9.35, electrical conductivity 192–6980 μS/cm, nitrite 0.017–7.372&#xa0;mg/L, phosphate 1.691–20.65&#xa0;mg/L, and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 58.82–491.6&#xa0;mg/L. Site F (Shastri Bridge, Gyaspur), located downstream of a major Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) discharge, showed the highest pollution levels (WQI = 838.87), with chloride (1112.1–2005.8&#xa0;mg/L), Total Dissolved Solids (3515–4510&#xa0;mg/L), conductivity (5445–6980 μS/cm), COD (374.4–491.6&#xa0;mg/L), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (126.4–184.3&#xa0;mg/L), nitrite (2.242–4.814&#xa0;mg/L), phosphate (3.34–20.65&#xa0;mg/L), and heavy metals including chromium (52.84–76.03&#xa0;μg/L) and cadmium (0.75–3.66&#xa0;μg/L), all exceeding permissible limits. Organic compounds analysis at Site F identified eleven persistent organic pollutants such as chlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and phthalates, emphasizing CETP inefficiency. Metagenomic analysis indicated maximum pathogenic contamination at the Vivekanand Bridge site, dominated by pathogenic genera (<i>E. coli, Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Shigella</i>). At Site F, <i>Shewanella</i> (12.78%) was the dominant genus, alongside multiple pathogens. The results highlight pollution hotspots, particularly CETP discharge points, stressing the urgent need for improved and integrated effluent management to protect riverine biodiversity and avoiding potential groundwater contamination.</p>

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A comprehensive water quality assessment and seasonal variations of the Sabarmati river at Ahmedabad

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月17日

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  • Sunil Kumar,
  • Megha Barot,
  • Ashita Rai,
  • M. H. Fulekar,
  • Umesh Sharma

摘要

Ahmedabad, a metropolitan city in Gujarat, faces severe water quality deterioration in the Sabarmati River due to inadequately treated municipal and industrial effluents. This study seasonally assessed water quality at six sites (A–F) across three consecutive seasons (summer 2023, rainy 2023, and winter 2024) and compared results with World Health Organization standards. Standard methods (American Public Health Association/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), were employed to analyze physicochemical parameters, organic contaminants, heavy metals, and bacterial diversity (metagenomics). Findings revealed clear spatial and seasonal variations. pH ranged from 7.33–9.35, electrical conductivity 192–6980 μS/cm, nitrite 0.017–7.372 mg/L, phosphate 1.691–20.65 mg/L, and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 58.82–491.6 mg/L. Site F (Shastri Bridge, Gyaspur), located downstream of a major Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) discharge, showed the highest pollution levels (WQI = 838.87), with chloride (1112.1–2005.8 mg/L), Total Dissolved Solids (3515–4510 mg/L), conductivity (5445–6980 μS/cm), COD (374.4–491.6 mg/L), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (126.4–184.3 mg/L), nitrite (2.242–4.814 mg/L), phosphate (3.34–20.65 mg/L), and heavy metals including chromium (52.84–76.03 μg/L) and cadmium (0.75–3.66 μg/L), all exceeding permissible limits. Organic compounds analysis at Site F identified eleven persistent organic pollutants such as chlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and phthalates, emphasizing CETP inefficiency. Metagenomic analysis indicated maximum pathogenic contamination at the Vivekanand Bridge site, dominated by pathogenic genera (E. coli, Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Shigella). At Site F, Shewanella (12.78%) was the dominant genus, alongside multiple pathogens. The results highlight pollution hotspots, particularly CETP discharge points, stressing the urgent need for improved and integrated effluent management to protect riverine biodiversity and avoiding potential groundwater contamination.