Bioaccumulation coefficient and concentration of essential and non-essential heavy metals in rice grains: a case study in Ranau valley, Sabah, Malaysia
摘要
Ranau valley of Sabah, Malaysia encompasses vast rice fields which are adjacent to ultrabasic soils, thus soils and rice of Ranau valley are at risk of heavy metals contamination. In this study, we aimed to analyze the concentrations of soil heavy metals with respect to changes in soil pH, organic matter, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, percent clay, and to examine the heavy metal transfer soil-rice system through bioaccumulation coefficient and correlation analysis between heavy metals in rice grains and soil. The concentration of heavy metals was determined by the wet digestion method and was measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Then, the correlation analysis between heavy metals in rice grains and soil was analyzed using Pearson correlation. Results revealed that soil organic matter, cation exchange capacity and pH had a high significant correlation on the concentrations of Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, As, Mn, and Fe in the soil. The Co metal had the strongest association of the metal concentration in the soil and in rice grains (r = 0.695, at 0.1% significant level) among other metals. In addition, the Co also had the highest contribution on the changes in other metals concentrations in the soil (CV = 48.33%). Although the concentrations of Co, Cr, Ni, and Fe in soil were higher than the maximum allowable concentration and trigger action values, the bioaccumulation value of those metals in rice grains were low (Bioaccumulation factor, BAC < 1). Overall, the consumption of rice grains from the study area was safe for human health.