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<p>Global problems associated with petroleum-based energy, including environmental pollution, limited accessibility, high costs, and significant concerns over sustainability, drive the transition towards renewable energy sources. Establishing a renewable energy system requires extensive research, from material for fabrication to actual applications. This review paper critically discusses the development of hybrid nanomaterial films, a composite of nanocellulose and carbon nanomaterials, and their collective properties for applications in solar cells. Hybrid films present enhanced mechanical properties, tailored optical properties, electrical conductivity, and thermal stability. Several studies reported the fabrication of hybrid films focusing mostly on cellulose nanofibrils and graphene hybrids, followed by crystalline nanocellulose and carbon nanotubes hybrids. A comparative analysis concludes the potential of hybrid film as transparent conductive oxide for solar cells having a comparable optical transmittance ranging from 25.5 to 83.3% and electrical conductivity as high as 514.97 ± 5.46 S/cm, which falls within the range of common solar cell materials at 50–95% optical transparency and 550 S/cm conductivity. We discussed various classifications of nanomaterials and their collective properties, highlighting their impact on film morphology, transparency, conductivity, and stability. This is followed by discussions on different film fabrication methods, including advanced state-of-the-art 3-dimensional printing, their advantages and limitations associated with scalability and film stability, and further discussion on the roles of hybrid films in solar cells. We conclude this paper by discussing future pathways and potential research areas that lack literature data and outlining future research directions for overcoming existing challenges in pursuit of sustainable energy solutions.</p>

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A review on fabrication of nanocellulose and carbon nanomaterials hybrid film for solar energy device applications via 3D printing: opportunities, limitations, and prospects

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月1日

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  • Erwin C. Sumarago,
  • Bernice Mae Yu Jeco-Espaldon,
  • Francis Dave C. Siacor,
  • Noel Peter B. Tan

摘要

Global problems associated with petroleum-based energy, including environmental pollution, limited accessibility, high costs, and significant concerns over sustainability, drive the transition towards renewable energy sources. Establishing a renewable energy system requires extensive research, from material for fabrication to actual applications. This review paper critically discusses the development of hybrid nanomaterial films, a composite of nanocellulose and carbon nanomaterials, and their collective properties for applications in solar cells. Hybrid films present enhanced mechanical properties, tailored optical properties, electrical conductivity, and thermal stability. Several studies reported the fabrication of hybrid films focusing mostly on cellulose nanofibrils and graphene hybrids, followed by crystalline nanocellulose and carbon nanotubes hybrids. A comparative analysis concludes the potential of hybrid film as transparent conductive oxide for solar cells having a comparable optical transmittance ranging from 25.5 to 83.3% and electrical conductivity as high as 514.97 ± 5.46 S/cm, which falls within the range of common solar cell materials at 50–95% optical transparency and 550 S/cm conductivity. We discussed various classifications of nanomaterials and their collective properties, highlighting their impact on film morphology, transparency, conductivity, and stability. This is followed by discussions on different film fabrication methods, including advanced state-of-the-art 3-dimensional printing, their advantages and limitations associated with scalability and film stability, and further discussion on the roles of hybrid films in solar cells. We conclude this paper by discussing future pathways and potential research areas that lack literature data and outlining future research directions for overcoming existing challenges in pursuit of sustainable energy solutions.