Survey on the use of BIM methodology for railway 3D modeling

This article explores the development of Augmented Reality (AR) models for railway projects, as illustrated in Fig. 1, with particular emphasis on interoperability between different systems and platforms. The historical development of Building In- formation Modeling (BIM) is traced from its origins in computer-aided de- sign (CAD) to its recent applications in diverse fields. Significant milestones and the evolution of BIM into project lifecycle management are highlighted. Fundamental aspects such as Level of Development (LOD) and Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) file types are reviewed. The integration of BIM with machine learning and AR has enormous po- tential to improve asset management and decision-making in railway projects. The importance of interoperability when integrating AR into railway projects using BIM methodology, highlighting tools and models that ensure seamless operation across various platforms and software systems, is discussed. Stan- dards such as ISO 19650 and ISO 16739 are fundamental in this context. Studies that demonstrate the advantages of BIM in railway projects, in- cluding cost control, error detection and better maintenance planning, are reviewed. The challenges and opportunities associated with integrating BIM into rail are discussed, including the importance of technological advances in promoting increasingly efficient, collaborative and sustainable maintenance projects. This research is important for advancing the study and development of integration and compatibility with new technologies, specifically in the con-text of the use of BIM methodologies in railways, particularly in locomotives and carriages, and the application of AR, making a significant contribution to the fields of computer engineering, maintenance engineering and others.