When a Child Becomes a Parent: A Comparative Study of Well-Being, Parenting, and Child Outcomes among Parents with and without Child Marriage Experiences in Indonesia
摘要
Child marriage, a portrait of failure in child protection, remains a persistent issue in Indonesia, yet little is known about its long-term intergenerational effects. This study examines the differences in marital satisfaction, well-being, parenting practices, and child outcomes between parents who have experienced child marriage and those who have not. Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 265 parents who completed validated scale questionnaires: The Emirates Marital Satisfaction Scale, BBC Well-being Scale, PAFAS, and CAPES. MANCOVA and hierarchical regression analyses were performed to analyze the data. Findings revealed that parents with child marriage backgrounds reported significantly lower well-being and less positive parenting practices. These factors, in turn, predicted a low level of child competencies. Notably, marital satisfaction, well-being in the relationship, and parent-child relationship quality emerged as significant predictors of positive child outcomes, regardless of marital age among those parents with child marriage experiences. These findings underscore the importance of addressing relational and psychosocial domains when supporting families affected by early marriage. By highlighting how child marriage may disrupt family functioning and child development, this study calls for comprehensive, family-centered interventions that extend beyond legal reforms. Programs targeting parenting support, mental health, and relationship quality may mitigate the intergenerational impacts of child marriage.