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Background <p>Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) have become indispensable for offshore exploration, marinesurveillance, and ocean monitoring. However, their performance is significantly affected by high propagation delay, severe signal attenuation,communication voids, dynamic three-dimensional topology, and limited energy resources. Existing routing protocols often suffer from prematureconvergence, poor adaptability, and inefficient energy utilization, while conventional encryption techniques either impose high computational overhead orfail to provide adequate security for resource-constrained underwater sensor nodes.</p> Objective <p>This research aims to develop a secure and energy-efficientrouting framework that enhances routing reliability, prolongs network lifetime, and ensures lightweight yet robust data protection in dynamic underwaterenvironments.</p> Methods <p>The proposed framework integrates a Hybrid Border Collie-Aquila Optimizer (HBCAO) for optimal neighboring node selectionwith a chaos-enhanced Novel Tiny Symmetric Algorithm (c-NTSA) for lightweight data encryption and decryption. The hybrid optimization strategybalances global exploration and local exploitation to achieve efficient packet forwarding, balanced energy consumption, and effective void avoidance. Theframework is implemented and evaluated in NS-3 under realistic underwater acoustic communication scenarios.</p> Results <p>Experimental results demonstratethat the proposed framework achieves a Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) of 98.4% in the presence of attackers, reduces average energy consumption to 12.15J, and extends the network lifetime to 2575 cycles. It also provides reliable packet forwarding and enhanced communication security while maintaininglow computational overhead.</p> Conclusion <p>The proposed framework effectively improves routing efficiency, energy conservation, and secure datatransmission in underwater acoustic sensor networks. Its ability to combine intelligent routing with lightweight chaos-based encryption makes it a practicalsolution for reliable and secure underwater monitoring applications.</p>

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A Secure and Energy-Efficient Routing Scheme for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks: Leveraging HBCAO and a Novel Tiny Symmetric Encryption Algorithm

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • Ritesh Dhanare,
  • Smita Athanere Parte,
  • Ankur Ratmele

摘要

Background

Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) have become indispensable for offshore exploration, marinesurveillance, and ocean monitoring. However, their performance is significantly affected by high propagation delay, severe signal attenuation,communication voids, dynamic three-dimensional topology, and limited energy resources. Existing routing protocols often suffer from prematureconvergence, poor adaptability, and inefficient energy utilization, while conventional encryption techniques either impose high computational overhead orfail to provide adequate security for resource-constrained underwater sensor nodes.

Objective

This research aims to develop a secure and energy-efficientrouting framework that enhances routing reliability, prolongs network lifetime, and ensures lightweight yet robust data protection in dynamic underwaterenvironments.

Methods

The proposed framework integrates a Hybrid Border Collie-Aquila Optimizer (HBCAO) for optimal neighboring node selectionwith a chaos-enhanced Novel Tiny Symmetric Algorithm (c-NTSA) for lightweight data encryption and decryption. The hybrid optimization strategybalances global exploration and local exploitation to achieve efficient packet forwarding, balanced energy consumption, and effective void avoidance. Theframework is implemented and evaluated in NS-3 under realistic underwater acoustic communication scenarios.

Results

Experimental results demonstratethat the proposed framework achieves a Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) of 98.4% in the presence of attackers, reduces average energy consumption to 12.15J, and extends the network lifetime to 2575 cycles. It also provides reliable packet forwarding and enhanced communication security while maintaininglow computational overhead.

Conclusion

The proposed framework effectively improves routing efficiency, energy conservation, and secure datatransmission in underwater acoustic sensor networks. Its ability to combine intelligent routing with lightweight chaos-based encryption makes it a practicalsolution for reliable and secure underwater monitoring applications.