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Purpose <p>Piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) offers a sustainable power solution for low-power electronics by converting ambient vibration into electricity. While material selection influences performance, geometric design plays a critical role in determining stress distribution and energy conversion efficiency. This study aims to systematically compare cantilever beam geometries—rectangular, trapezoidal, T-shaped, π-shaped, and E-shaped—to optimize PEH performance and identify optimal configurations for enhanced energy harvesting.</p> Methods <p>A systematic review of COMSOL Multiphysics-based simulation studies was conducted, synthesizing findings from peer-reviewed literature on piezoelectric energy harvesters. The analysis focused on coupled electromechanical models that simulate output voltage, resonance frequency, and power output under base excitation. Studies were evaluated based on modeling approaches, validation methods, material selection, and reported performance metrics across different geometric configurations.</p> Results <p>The synthesized literature consistently demonstrates that non-traditional geometries significantly outperform conventional rectangular designs. The E-shaped cantilever emerges as the top performer, achieving peak power output up to 49.05 μW, representing approximately 139% improvement over baseline designs. π-shaped and T-shaped geometries also show substantial enhancements, with power outputs of 39.29 μW and 29.2 μW, respectively. Key findings indicate that multi-branch configurations redistribute stress more uniformly, lower resonant frequencies for better ambient vibration matching, and enhance overall power density. Triangular designs achieve up to 43% material reduction while maintaining comparable performance.</p> Conclusion <p>This review establishes geometric optimization as a critical pathway for enhancing PEH performance, with the E-shaped configuration identified as the most effective design among those evaluated. The synthesized findings provide simulation-driven design guidelines for developing application-tailored energy harvesting systems. Future research directions include AI-enhanced optimization, digital twin frameworks, and environment-aware modeling for smarter, adaptive energy harvesting solutions.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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COMSOL-Based Comparative Study of Cantilever Beam Geometries for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月27日

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  • Mahesh Pratap Gotte,
  • T. Pavan Rahul,
  • Santosh Kumar Sahu,
  • Venkata Dinesh Avvari,
  • PV Subhanjaneyulu,
  • P. S. Rama Sreekanth

摘要

Purpose

Piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) offers a sustainable power solution for low-power electronics by converting ambient vibration into electricity. While material selection influences performance, geometric design plays a critical role in determining stress distribution and energy conversion efficiency. This study aims to systematically compare cantilever beam geometries—rectangular, trapezoidal, T-shaped, π-shaped, and E-shaped—to optimize PEH performance and identify optimal configurations for enhanced energy harvesting.

Methods

A systematic review of COMSOL Multiphysics-based simulation studies was conducted, synthesizing findings from peer-reviewed literature on piezoelectric energy harvesters. The analysis focused on coupled electromechanical models that simulate output voltage, resonance frequency, and power output under base excitation. Studies were evaluated based on modeling approaches, validation methods, material selection, and reported performance metrics across different geometric configurations.

Results

The synthesized literature consistently demonstrates that non-traditional geometries significantly outperform conventional rectangular designs. The E-shaped cantilever emerges as the top performer, achieving peak power output up to 49.05 μW, representing approximately 139% improvement over baseline designs. π-shaped and T-shaped geometries also show substantial enhancements, with power outputs of 39.29 μW and 29.2 μW, respectively. Key findings indicate that multi-branch configurations redistribute stress more uniformly, lower resonant frequencies for better ambient vibration matching, and enhance overall power density. Triangular designs achieve up to 43% material reduction while maintaining comparable performance.

Conclusion

This review establishes geometric optimization as a critical pathway for enhancing PEH performance, with the E-shaped configuration identified as the most effective design among those evaluated. The synthesized findings provide simulation-driven design guidelines for developing application-tailored energy harvesting systems. Future research directions include AI-enhanced optimization, digital twin frameworks, and environment-aware modeling for smarter, adaptive energy harvesting solutions.

Graphical Abstract