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Background <p>Cavitation in centrifugal pumps causes efficiency losses and mechanical wear, making early detection essential for operational reliability.</p> Objective <p>This study investigates the use of vibration analysis for detecting cavitation through time-domain and frequency-domain methods in centrifugal pumps under varying flow conditions.</p> Methods <p>Vibration data were collected using a triaxial IEPE accelerometer and a data acquisition (DAQ) system (NI 9234), capturing 10,240 samples per axis over 5&#xa0;s under varying flow conditions. Both Root Mean Square (RMS) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) techniques were applied to identify vibration signatures linked to cavitation.</p> Results <p>The sixth harmonic (6X, ~ 290&#xa0;Hz) amplitude increased markedly below 45&#xa0;L/min, peaking at 30&#xa0;L/min, while the fundamental frequency (1X, ~ 48.3&#xa0;Hz) remained stable but exhibited increased amplitude at higher flow rates, indicating normal pump operation and steady shaft rotation. A secondary peak at ~ 100&#xa0;Hz (2X) suggests flow-induced vibrations. RMS acceleration also increased significantly below 45&#xa0;L/min, indicating cavitation progression. The Z-axis showed up to a 179% increase in RMS and up to a fifteen-fold increase in 6X amplitude under cavitating conditions.</p> Conclusions <p>The results confirm that low-frequency vibration analysis can reliably detect cavitation through combined time and frequency domain features. The 6X harmonic is identified as a key diagnostic indicator, demonstrating the feasibility of this vibration-based approach as a reliable, non-invasive method for early cavitation detection, supporting improved condition monitoring and predictive maintenance planning.</p>

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Evaluating Vibration Emissions as Indicators of Cavitation in Centrifugal Pumps

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月28日

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  • Azahar bin Mohd,
  • Khairil Anas Md Rezali,
  • Mohammad Yazdi Harmin

摘要

Background

Cavitation in centrifugal pumps causes efficiency losses and mechanical wear, making early detection essential for operational reliability.

Objective

This study investigates the use of vibration analysis for detecting cavitation through time-domain and frequency-domain methods in centrifugal pumps under varying flow conditions.

Methods

Vibration data were collected using a triaxial IEPE accelerometer and a data acquisition (DAQ) system (NI 9234), capturing 10,240 samples per axis over 5 s under varying flow conditions. Both Root Mean Square (RMS) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) techniques were applied to identify vibration signatures linked to cavitation.

Results

The sixth harmonic (6X, ~ 290 Hz) amplitude increased markedly below 45 L/min, peaking at 30 L/min, while the fundamental frequency (1X, ~ 48.3 Hz) remained stable but exhibited increased amplitude at higher flow rates, indicating normal pump operation and steady shaft rotation. A secondary peak at ~ 100 Hz (2X) suggests flow-induced vibrations. RMS acceleration also increased significantly below 45 L/min, indicating cavitation progression. The Z-axis showed up to a 179% increase in RMS and up to a fifteen-fold increase in 6X amplitude under cavitating conditions.

Conclusions

The results confirm that low-frequency vibration analysis can reliably detect cavitation through combined time and frequency domain features. The 6X harmonic is identified as a key diagnostic indicator, demonstrating the feasibility of this vibration-based approach as a reliable, non-invasive method for early cavitation detection, supporting improved condition monitoring and predictive maintenance planning.