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<p>To obtain the larger control authority to improve the maneuverability for electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, we propose an improved method to optimize the rotor configuration. The optimization is achieved by evaluating the enveloping ratio of the attainable moment set (AMS) to the required moment set (RMS). The AMS is the set of all possible moments that the vehicle’s effectors can generate, while the RMS is the set of all moments that are required to achieve the desired flight performance. To avoid the complexity of computing the enveloping ratio caused by the hyper-cube, we present an efficient method of decoupling the RMS from AMS optimization. This method involves over-approximating the RMS with a hyper-ellipsoid and scaling it into a hyper-sphere. The scaling is then applied to the AMS to maximize its margin. Meanwhile, the calculation of RMS explicitly considers the impact of rotor speeds on aerodynamic forces and moments, while electric power limitations are integrated into the AMS calculations to ensure realistic rotor configuration optimization. This method is applied to the NASA Lift+Cruise eVTOL. The results indicate that the optimized AMS significantly enhances coverage compared to the RMS. This improvement is particularly notable in directions with weak control authority. While the AMS may slightly compromise performance in other directions, it improves efficiency in optimizing configurations. Ultimately, this approach aims to achieve greater maneuverability.</p>

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Rotor configuration optimization for enhanced control authority in eVTOL aircraft

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Tingyu Huang,
  • Zhidong Lu,
  • Jiannan Zhang,
  • Shiqi Gao,
  • Florian Holzapfel,
  • Sutthiphong Srigrarom,
  • Shiqiang Hu,
  • Haichao Hong

摘要

To obtain the larger control authority to improve the maneuverability for electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, we propose an improved method to optimize the rotor configuration. The optimization is achieved by evaluating the enveloping ratio of the attainable moment set (AMS) to the required moment set (RMS). The AMS is the set of all possible moments that the vehicle’s effectors can generate, while the RMS is the set of all moments that are required to achieve the desired flight performance. To avoid the complexity of computing the enveloping ratio caused by the hyper-cube, we present an efficient method of decoupling the RMS from AMS optimization. This method involves over-approximating the RMS with a hyper-ellipsoid and scaling it into a hyper-sphere. The scaling is then applied to the AMS to maximize its margin. Meanwhile, the calculation of RMS explicitly considers the impact of rotor speeds on aerodynamic forces and moments, while electric power limitations are integrated into the AMS calculations to ensure realistic rotor configuration optimization. This method is applied to the NASA Lift+Cruise eVTOL. The results indicate that the optimized AMS significantly enhances coverage compared to the RMS. This improvement is particularly notable in directions with weak control authority. While the AMS may slightly compromise performance in other directions, it improves efficiency in optimizing configurations. Ultimately, this approach aims to achieve greater maneuverability.