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<p>Oil palm (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i>) is one of the world’s most important agricultural crops; however, its productivity is increasingly threatened by Basal Stem Rot (BSR), a disease primarily caused by the soil-borne fungus <i>Ganoderma boninense</i>. In Malaysia alone, BSR is estimated to cause annual losses exceeding USD 500 million. The persistence of this disease is attributed to the pathogen’s complex biology, its ability to survive in soil, and its capacity to switch from a biotrophic to a necrotrophic lifestyle. Through the production of lignin-degrading and cell wall-degrading enzymes, <i>G. boninense</i> can colonise palm tissues and ultimately lead to host death. Disease development is influenced by environmental conditions, host susceptibility, and pathogen virulence, making disease management particularly challenging. Current control approaches, including cultural practices, chemical treatments, and biological control have shown variable success. Emerging innovations such as nanotechnology-based fungicides, biofertilisers, and resistant planting materials offer promising alternatives but have not yet been widely adopted. Recent transcriptomic studies have provided insights into the genes and pathways involved in infection, revealing potential targets for improved disease management. This review synthesises current knowledge on the biology of <i>G. boninense</i>, its interaction with oil palm, and existing management strategies, while highlighting the importance of integrated disease management approaches that combine conventional practices with innovative technologies to ensure the long-term sustainability of the palm oil industry.</p>

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Ganoderma in palm oil cultivation: navigating pathogenic challenges through mechanistic insights and innovative management strategies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月31日

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  • Nurshafika Abd Khalid,
  • Mustapha Muhammad Isah,
  • Huszalina Hussin,
  • Adibah Yahya

摘要

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is one of the world’s most important agricultural crops; however, its productivity is increasingly threatened by Basal Stem Rot (BSR), a disease primarily caused by the soil-borne fungus Ganoderma boninense. In Malaysia alone, BSR is estimated to cause annual losses exceeding USD 500 million. The persistence of this disease is attributed to the pathogen’s complex biology, its ability to survive in soil, and its capacity to switch from a biotrophic to a necrotrophic lifestyle. Through the production of lignin-degrading and cell wall-degrading enzymes, G. boninense can colonise palm tissues and ultimately lead to host death. Disease development is influenced by environmental conditions, host susceptibility, and pathogen virulence, making disease management particularly challenging. Current control approaches, including cultural practices, chemical treatments, and biological control have shown variable success. Emerging innovations such as nanotechnology-based fungicides, biofertilisers, and resistant planting materials offer promising alternatives but have not yet been widely adopted. Recent transcriptomic studies have provided insights into the genes and pathways involved in infection, revealing potential targets for improved disease management. This review synthesises current knowledge on the biology of G. boninense, its interaction with oil palm, and existing management strategies, while highlighting the importance of integrated disease management approaches that combine conventional practices with innovative technologies to ensure the long-term sustainability of the palm oil industry.