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<p>Groundwater serves as the primary source of water for drinking and irrigation in the Mahendergarh district in Haryana, India’s Aravalli Range. Consequently, this study assessed groundwater quality by focusing on its characterisation, evolution, spatial distribution, and suitability for consumption and irrigation. A total of 50 groundwater samples were collected, comprising 41 from shallow hard-rock and 9 from deep alluvial tube wells. All samples were analysed for physicochemical parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), major cations, and anions, as well as key contaminants such as fluoride (F<sup>-</sup>), uranium (U), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn). The results revealed that F<sup>-</sup>, U, and Fe concentrations exceeded the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) (2012) and the World Health Organization (WHO) 2011 guidelines (1.5 mg/L, 30 µg/L, and 0.3 mg/L, respectively) in the shallow tube wells of the hard rock aquifers. Specifically, F<sup>-</sup> surpassed the limit at seven locations (up to 2 mg/L), U at three locations (up to 64 µg/L), and Fe at all locations (ranging from 0.47 to 0.74). The average Zn concentrations were 0.12 mg/L in shallow tube wells and 0.09 mg/L in deep tube wells, both well below the BIS, In: Drinking Water Specification (Second Revision). ICS 13.060.20 (2012) drinking water guideline of 5 mg/L. Carbonate weathering predominantly controls the chemical composition in deeper alluvial aquifers, whereas silicate weathering largely dominates carbonate dissolution in shallow aquifers. The PHREEQC analysis showed that carbonate-containing mineral phases were undersaturated (calcite SI &lt; 0), whereas iron minerals such as goethite and haematite were supersaturated (Fe-oxide SI &gt; 0) in the study area. Shallow tubewells were dominated by NaCl types (48%), followed by NaHCO<sub>3</sub> (24%), CaCl<sub>2</sub> (21%), NaHSO<sub>4</sub> (5%), and Ca(HCO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (2%), whereas deep tubewells contained NaCl (67%), CaCl<sub>2</sub> (22%), and MgCl<sub>2</sub> (11%). Groundwater suitability for irrigation exhibited marked spatial variability, with brackish shallow wells (58%) and deep wells (67%) frequently exceeding the permissible limits for total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, and chloride, whereas indices such as %Na and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) generally remained within acceptable ranges. The findings indicate that groundwater in the area requires regular monitoring to ensure its suitability and sustainability for future use. To address these concerns, urgent policy implementation is needed to manage and protect this vital resource, in alignment with Sustainable Development Goals 6 and 11.</p>

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Hydrogeochemical characterization, spatial distribution, and suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation in the Aravalli Range, Haryana, India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月22日

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  • Manoj Kumar,
  • Anoop Yadav,
  • Manjeet Bansal,
  • Vinod Kumar Garg,
  • Pawan Kumar Rose,
  • Ram Pravesh Kumar,
  • Bhupendra P. Singh

摘要

Groundwater serves as the primary source of water for drinking and irrigation in the Mahendergarh district in Haryana, India’s Aravalli Range. Consequently, this study assessed groundwater quality by focusing on its characterisation, evolution, spatial distribution, and suitability for consumption and irrigation. A total of 50 groundwater samples were collected, comprising 41 from shallow hard-rock and 9 from deep alluvial tube wells. All samples were analysed for physicochemical parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), major cations, and anions, as well as key contaminants such as fluoride (F-), uranium (U), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn). The results revealed that F-, U, and Fe concentrations exceeded the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) (2012) and the World Health Organization (WHO) 2011 guidelines (1.5 mg/L, 30 µg/L, and 0.3 mg/L, respectively) in the shallow tube wells of the hard rock aquifers. Specifically, F- surpassed the limit at seven locations (up to 2 mg/L), U at three locations (up to 64 µg/L), and Fe at all locations (ranging from 0.47 to 0.74). The average Zn concentrations were 0.12 mg/L in shallow tube wells and 0.09 mg/L in deep tube wells, both well below the BIS, In: Drinking Water Specification (Second Revision). ICS 13.060.20 (2012) drinking water guideline of 5 mg/L. Carbonate weathering predominantly controls the chemical composition in deeper alluvial aquifers, whereas silicate weathering largely dominates carbonate dissolution in shallow aquifers. The PHREEQC analysis showed that carbonate-containing mineral phases were undersaturated (calcite SI < 0), whereas iron minerals such as goethite and haematite were supersaturated (Fe-oxide SI > 0) in the study area. Shallow tubewells were dominated by NaCl types (48%), followed by NaHCO3 (24%), CaCl2 (21%), NaHSO4 (5%), and Ca(HCO3)2 (2%), whereas deep tubewells contained NaCl (67%), CaCl2 (22%), and MgCl2 (11%). Groundwater suitability for irrigation exhibited marked spatial variability, with brackish shallow wells (58%) and deep wells (67%) frequently exceeding the permissible limits for total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, and chloride, whereas indices such as %Na and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) generally remained within acceptable ranges. The findings indicate that groundwater in the area requires regular monitoring to ensure its suitability and sustainability for future use. To address these concerns, urgent policy implementation is needed to manage and protect this vital resource, in alignment with Sustainable Development Goals 6 and 11.