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<p>Energy structure transformation is an important step toward achieving carbon neutrality, reducing the urban-rural energy gap, and promoting energy equity. However, the unequal distribution of economic development, meteorological conditions, and other factors between urban and rural areas can lead to photovoltaic (PV) inequality. Utilizing a dataset of 2.5&#xa0;m × 2.5&#xa0;m building roof areas from 2016 to 2021, along with ERA5 meteorological data from the same period, we employed spatial analysis methods, Gini coefficient evaluation, GTWR model to quantitatively assess the spatial heterogeneity of rooftop PV generation potential, PV availability (PV use per person) and PV affordability (PV use intensity) inequality in the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration (CCQ, China). Additionally, we revealed the impact mechanisms of socio-economic factors on the inequality of rooftop PV availability and affordability. The results show that (1) Chongqing (20.70 TWh) has the highest potential for rooftop PV, followed by Chengdu (11.84 TWh). Notably, 87.5% of urban areas exhibit greater potential for rooftop PV compared to rural areas. (2) The overall Gini index for PV availability and affordability initially increases before subsequently decreasing, with reductions of 16.7% and 20.7%, respectively. However, the Gini index remains above 0.4, signifying a substantial disparity. PV availability is higher in urban areas than in rural areas, although the urban-rural gap is gradually narrowing. Conversely, PV affordability is lower in urban areas than in rural areas, and this gap is widening over time. (3) Population aggregation (PA, 1.3) and the urbanization rate (UR, 1.2) will exacerbate the urban-rural disparity ratio in PV availability, while income disparity (InD, 0.8) and PA (0.7) will exacerbate the urban-rural disparity ratio in PV affordability. This study has important practical implications for the comprehensive implementation of China’s “Pollution and Carbon Reduction” policy and for sustainable energy assessments.</p>

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Urban-rural rooftop PV inequality and its drivers: evidence from Chengdu-Chongqing, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月9日

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  • Mengke Zhang,
  • Chao He,
  • Yilin Li,
  • Yuming Su,
  • Xin Zou

摘要

Energy structure transformation is an important step toward achieving carbon neutrality, reducing the urban-rural energy gap, and promoting energy equity. However, the unequal distribution of economic development, meteorological conditions, and other factors between urban and rural areas can lead to photovoltaic (PV) inequality. Utilizing a dataset of 2.5 m × 2.5 m building roof areas from 2016 to 2021, along with ERA5 meteorological data from the same period, we employed spatial analysis methods, Gini coefficient evaluation, GTWR model to quantitatively assess the spatial heterogeneity of rooftop PV generation potential, PV availability (PV use per person) and PV affordability (PV use intensity) inequality in the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration (CCQ, China). Additionally, we revealed the impact mechanisms of socio-economic factors on the inequality of rooftop PV availability and affordability. The results show that (1) Chongqing (20.70 TWh) has the highest potential for rooftop PV, followed by Chengdu (11.84 TWh). Notably, 87.5% of urban areas exhibit greater potential for rooftop PV compared to rural areas. (2) The overall Gini index for PV availability and affordability initially increases before subsequently decreasing, with reductions of 16.7% and 20.7%, respectively. However, the Gini index remains above 0.4, signifying a substantial disparity. PV availability is higher in urban areas than in rural areas, although the urban-rural gap is gradually narrowing. Conversely, PV affordability is lower in urban areas than in rural areas, and this gap is widening over time. (3) Population aggregation (PA, 1.3) and the urbanization rate (UR, 1.2) will exacerbate the urban-rural disparity ratio in PV availability, while income disparity (InD, 0.8) and PA (0.7) will exacerbate the urban-rural disparity ratio in PV affordability. This study has important practical implications for the comprehensive implementation of China’s “Pollution and Carbon Reduction” policy and for sustainable energy assessments.