Exploring the bioremediation potential of Bacillus spp. for sustainable mitigation of hydrocarbon contaminants

Hydrocarbons are persistent pollutants composed of carbon and hydrogen that have a negative impact on plants, animals, and microorganisms. Different strategies have been established to remove hydrocarbons from the environment, which include physical, chemical, and biological methods. Among these, microbial bioremediation is the most sustainable and environmentally friendly approach. These biological strategies use the catabolic processes of microorganisms to efficiently and precisely degrade pollutants, minimize chemical usage, and positively impact the environment. Bacillus spp. is an important group of microorganisms that emerged as facilitators in the degradation of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Genomic studies have revealed that many Bacillus species possess genes encoding enzymes that are useful in the breakdown of hydrocarbons, as well as others for the synthesis of surfactants, that contribute to the degradation process. This review provides an in-depth discussion of the commendable contribution of Bacillus spp. in hydrocarbon degradation, including an analysis of their metabolic, genomic, and enzymatic machinery, along with other allied hydrocarbon-degrading Bacillus genera. The review also covers the use of enzymes modified by genetic engineering to enhance the degradation capabilities of Bacillus spp. Overall, this review amplifies our understanding of the potential of Bacillus spp. to clean up the environment by breaking down petroleum pollutants.