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<p>This study investigates interactive antimycotic potential of essential oils (EOs) - <i>Cymbopogon flexuosus</i> essential oil (CFEO) and <i>Monarda citriodora</i> essential oil (MCEO) and their bioactives- citral (C) and thymol (T) against <i>Penicillium digitatum</i> and <i>Penicillium italicum</i>, major citrus postharvest pathogens. Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Indices (FICIs), derived using the poisoned food technique based on colony diameter measurements at different Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs), revealed that CFEO-MCEO combinations exhibited synergism against <i>P. digitatum</i> only, while citral-thymol (C + T) bioactive combinations showed synergism against both pathogens. In contrast, inter-type pairings (CFEO + T, C+MCEO) lacked synergy. Synergistic EO and bioactive blends were formulated into coarse and nanoemulsions using Tween 80 and Span 80 (1:0.5). Nanoemulsions of bioactives viz. 1/2MIC + MIC (C + T) demonstrated superior physicochemical stability with ζ potentials of -42.74 and − 41.84 mV, PDI of 0.19 and 0.18, and droplet diameters of 127.53 and 131.44&#xa0;nm at 6 ± 2&#xa0;°C and 27 ± 2&#xa0;°C, respectively. These nanoemulsions exhibited enhanced antimycotic efficacy compared to EO-based counterparts. TEM analysis confirmed spherical shaped nanoparticles having a diameter between 19 and 29&#xa0;nm. FT-IR analysis confirmed chemical integrity and physical encapsulation of EO and bioactives in nanoemulsions. Mechanistic studies indicated membrane damage <i>via</i> elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increased extracellular conductivity. Optical Microscopy revealed hyphal thinning, cytoplasmic retraction, and fragmentation. Overall, bioactive-based nanoemulsions may prove to be a promising natural alternative for postharvest citrus disease management, minimizing reliance on synthetic fungicides.</p>

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Bioactive based formulations as an upcoming alternate to synthetic fungicides for postharvest management of Kinnow

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月24日

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  • Rashmi,
  • Ritu Tandon,
  • Anu Kalia,
  • J. Nagendra Babu,
  • Anjali

摘要

This study investigates interactive antimycotic potential of essential oils (EOs) - Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil (CFEO) and Monarda citriodora essential oil (MCEO) and their bioactives- citral (C) and thymol (T) against Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum, major citrus postharvest pathogens. Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Indices (FICIs), derived using the poisoned food technique based on colony diameter measurements at different Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs), revealed that CFEO-MCEO combinations exhibited synergism against P. digitatum only, while citral-thymol (C + T) bioactive combinations showed synergism against both pathogens. In contrast, inter-type pairings (CFEO + T, C+MCEO) lacked synergy. Synergistic EO and bioactive blends were formulated into coarse and nanoemulsions using Tween 80 and Span 80 (1:0.5). Nanoemulsions of bioactives viz. 1/2MIC + MIC (C + T) demonstrated superior physicochemical stability with ζ potentials of -42.74 and − 41.84 mV, PDI of 0.19 and 0.18, and droplet diameters of 127.53 and 131.44 nm at 6 ± 2 °C and 27 ± 2 °C, respectively. These nanoemulsions exhibited enhanced antimycotic efficacy compared to EO-based counterparts. TEM analysis confirmed spherical shaped nanoparticles having a diameter between 19 and 29 nm. FT-IR analysis confirmed chemical integrity and physical encapsulation of EO and bioactives in nanoemulsions. Mechanistic studies indicated membrane damage via elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increased extracellular conductivity. Optical Microscopy revealed hyphal thinning, cytoplasmic retraction, and fragmentation. Overall, bioactive-based nanoemulsions may prove to be a promising natural alternative for postharvest citrus disease management, minimizing reliance on synthetic fungicides.