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<p>This paper investigates the influence of electrical conductor material properties on the performance of a compact, high-efficiency pinwheel-structured wire antenna designed for orbital angular momentum (OAM) beam generation at 5&#xa0;GHz. The antenna employs high-conductivity copper wire (σ = 5.8 × 10⁷ S/m) as the radiating material, chosen for its low resistivity (ρ = 1.72 × 10⁻⁸Ω•m) and favourable skin-depth characteristics (δ ≈ 0.93&#xa0;μm at 5&#xa0;GHz), which together minimise ohmic dissipation and surface-current losses. Three curved radiating arms, symmetrically arranged at 120° azimuthal intervals, generate an inherent phase progression of 360° about the aperture, producing OAM mode <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:\ell\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>= +1 without external phase-shifting circuitry. The material-enabled low-loss current conduction, combined with the geometric phase control of the pinwheel structure, yields a measured S11 below − 30 dB at 5&#xa0;GHz, a radiation efficiency of approximately 90%, and an OAM mode purity of approximately 84%. A comparative analysis of alternative conductor materialsincluding aluminium and printed silver ink demonstrates that the choice of bulk copper wire provides a 5–15% improvement in radiation efficiency relative to thin-film or lower-conductivity alternatives. The results provide material design guidelines for next-generation OAM-based devices in microwave imaging and 6G wireless communication systems.</p>

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High-Efficiency Copper-Based Pinwheel Antenna for Orbital Angular Momentum Beam Generation at 5 GHz

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • G. Krishna Kishore,
  • R. Valli

摘要

This paper investigates the influence of electrical conductor material properties on the performance of a compact, high-efficiency pinwheel-structured wire antenna designed for orbital angular momentum (OAM) beam generation at 5 GHz. The antenna employs high-conductivity copper wire (σ = 5.8 × 10⁷ S/m) as the radiating material, chosen for its low resistivity (ρ = 1.72 × 10⁻⁸Ω•m) and favourable skin-depth characteristics (δ ≈ 0.93 μm at 5 GHz), which together minimise ohmic dissipation and surface-current losses. Three curved radiating arms, symmetrically arranged at 120° azimuthal intervals, generate an inherent phase progression of 360° about the aperture, producing OAM mode \(\:\ell\) = +1 without external phase-shifting circuitry. The material-enabled low-loss current conduction, combined with the geometric phase control of the pinwheel structure, yields a measured S11 below − 30 dB at 5 GHz, a radiation efficiency of approximately 90%, and an OAM mode purity of approximately 84%. A comparative analysis of alternative conductor materialsincluding aluminium and printed silver ink demonstrates that the choice of bulk copper wire provides a 5–15% improvement in radiation efficiency relative to thin-film or lower-conductivity alternatives. The results provide material design guidelines for next-generation OAM-based devices in microwave imaging and 6G wireless communication systems.