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<p>Tsunamis generated by landslides, commonly referred to as impulse waves, differ fundamentally from earthquake-induced tsunamis due to their finite generation time and the complex momentum transfer associated with the deformable nature of the landslide source. These characteristics limit the applicability of classical approaches based solely on prescribed initial surface deformations. A landslide penetration model is thus required to provide both generation time scale and landslide mass involved in momentum transfer. For that purpose, the generation of impulse waves produced by the impact of a continuously supplied granular flow into a water body is investigated in the present study using both experimental and theoretical approaches. Such granular supply allows reducing uncertainties associated with the fraction of granular mass contributing to wave generation. These experiments are first used to characterize time evolution of the wave properties. An idealized penetration model is then introduced to estimate the time dependent volume of granular material effectively entering the water, revealing a scaling proportional to <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(t^{1.5}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>t</mi> <mrow> <mn>1.5</mn> </mrow> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. This volume parameterization is combined to the linear water wave theory, to propose representations of the generation process through appropriate initial conditions. In particular, two distinct hypotheses for the wave generation mechanism are proposed, corresponding to different impact Froude number regimes. Model predictions are compared with experimental measurements, highlighting the capabilities and limitations of linear theory in describing impulse waves generated by deformable granular flows. The results contribute to a clearer identification of the governing dynamics and provide a basis for simplified modeling of landslide-induced wave generation.</p>

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Impulse Wave Generation by Granular Flows: Experimental Observations and Linear Theory Modeling of Distinct Froude Regimes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月3日

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  • Abigaël Darvenne,
  • Sylvain Viroulet,
  • Jean-Dominique Barron,
  • Laurent Lacaze

摘要

Tsunamis generated by landslides, commonly referred to as impulse waves, differ fundamentally from earthquake-induced tsunamis due to their finite generation time and the complex momentum transfer associated with the deformable nature of the landslide source. These characteristics limit the applicability of classical approaches based solely on prescribed initial surface deformations. A landslide penetration model is thus required to provide both generation time scale and landslide mass involved in momentum transfer. For that purpose, the generation of impulse waves produced by the impact of a continuously supplied granular flow into a water body is investigated in the present study using both experimental and theoretical approaches. Such granular supply allows reducing uncertainties associated with the fraction of granular mass contributing to wave generation. These experiments are first used to characterize time evolution of the wave properties. An idealized penetration model is then introduced to estimate the time dependent volume of granular material effectively entering the water, revealing a scaling proportional to \(t^{1.5}\) t 1.5 . This volume parameterization is combined to the linear water wave theory, to propose representations of the generation process through appropriate initial conditions. In particular, two distinct hypotheses for the wave generation mechanism are proposed, corresponding to different impact Froude number regimes. Model predictions are compared with experimental measurements, highlighting the capabilities and limitations of linear theory in describing impulse waves generated by deformable granular flows. The results contribute to a clearer identification of the governing dynamics and provide a basis for simplified modeling of landslide-induced wave generation.