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<p>Heavy metal contamination is a critical global environmental challenge driven by industrialization, mining, intensive agriculture, urbanization, and climate change-induced shifts in biogeochemical cycling. As persistent, non-biodegradable pollutants, heavy metals accumulate across soils, water bodies, plants, and microbial communities, imposing cascading risks on ecosystem integrity, agricultural productivity, and human health. Existing reviews predominantly treat contamination sources, ecological impacts, and remediation strategies as separate domains, leaving a critical gap in mechanistic, cross-compartment understanding. This review addresses that gap through an original integrated soil–microbe–plant nexus framework that simultaneously synthesizes contamination sources, environmental fate, biogeochemical behaviour, ecological consequences, detection technologies, and remediation strategies within a unified mechanistic context. Five priority toxic metals, such as Pb, Cd, As, Hg, and Cr, are critically evaluated with respect to their mobility, bioavailability, bioaccumulation, and dose-dependent effects on soil health, microbial diversity, plant physiology, and ecosystem stability. A novel three-tier classification of green remediation strategies is proposed: (i) microbially mediated approaches, including biosorption and microbe-assisted phytoremediation; (ii) plant-based strategies, comprising phytoextraction, phytostabilization, and phytochelatin-mediated detoxification; and (iii) integrated hybrid systems combining biological and physicochemical interventions. Comparative synthesis indicates that integrated biological approaches achieve metal removal efficiencies of 60–95%, substantially outperforming standalone physicochemical methods at 30–70%. Emerging perspectives on AI-assisted monitoring, real-time detection, and regulatory and economic dimensions of remediation are further addressed. By bridging environmental chemistry, microbial ecology, plant science, and green technology assessment, this review provides a quantitatively grounded, mechanistically coherent roadmap for sustainable heavy metal pollution management.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Heavy Metal Contamination in the Soil-Microbe-Plant Nexus: A Comprehensive Review on Mechanisms, Toxicological Impacts, and Integrated Remediation Approaches

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月23日

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  • Laxmi Kumari Gupta,
  • Pradeep Kumar Sahoo,
  • Pratyasha Singh,
  • Prasannajit Acharya,
  • Kapilas Das,
  • Sanjoy Kumar Maji,
  • Abhishek Maurya,
  • Biswajit Mishra,
  • Saismrutiranjan Mohanty,
  • Soumyaranjan Senapati,
  • Dusmant Maharana

摘要

Heavy metal contamination is a critical global environmental challenge driven by industrialization, mining, intensive agriculture, urbanization, and climate change-induced shifts in biogeochemical cycling. As persistent, non-biodegradable pollutants, heavy metals accumulate across soils, water bodies, plants, and microbial communities, imposing cascading risks on ecosystem integrity, agricultural productivity, and human health. Existing reviews predominantly treat contamination sources, ecological impacts, and remediation strategies as separate domains, leaving a critical gap in mechanistic, cross-compartment understanding. This review addresses that gap through an original integrated soil–microbe–plant nexus framework that simultaneously synthesizes contamination sources, environmental fate, biogeochemical behaviour, ecological consequences, detection technologies, and remediation strategies within a unified mechanistic context. Five priority toxic metals, such as Pb, Cd, As, Hg, and Cr, are critically evaluated with respect to their mobility, bioavailability, bioaccumulation, and dose-dependent effects on soil health, microbial diversity, plant physiology, and ecosystem stability. A novel three-tier classification of green remediation strategies is proposed: (i) microbially mediated approaches, including biosorption and microbe-assisted phytoremediation; (ii) plant-based strategies, comprising phytoextraction, phytostabilization, and phytochelatin-mediated detoxification; and (iii) integrated hybrid systems combining biological and physicochemical interventions. Comparative synthesis indicates that integrated biological approaches achieve metal removal efficiencies of 60–95%, substantially outperforming standalone physicochemical methods at 30–70%. Emerging perspectives on AI-assisted monitoring, real-time detection, and regulatory and economic dimensions of remediation are further addressed. By bridging environmental chemistry, microbial ecology, plant science, and green technology assessment, this review provides a quantitatively grounded, mechanistically coherent roadmap for sustainable heavy metal pollution management.

Graphical Abstract