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<p>In this work, acrylamide and itaconic acid are used as organic precursors in a green hydrothermal polymerization process to create a new zirconium-based superabsorbent hydrogel (Am/IA–Zr). The successful inclusion of zirconium and the creation of a stable hybrid structure with nanoscale characteristics were confirmed by the methodical characterization of the synthesized nanocomposite utilizing FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD, and TGA. Batch tests were used to assess the adsorption effectiveness toward fluoride ions under a range of operational circumstances, such as temperature, pH, dose, and contact time. The hydrogel demonstrated quick adsorption kinetics and great removal efficiency (up to about 99%), quickly reaching equilibrium. While kinetic studies demonstrated great agreement with Isotherm analysis of the pseudo-second-order model revealed that the Freundlich model best describes the adsorption-removal process, showing heterogeneous surface behavior. The adsorption is exothermic and spontaneous was verified by thermodynamic characteristics. Fluoride removal is achieved through a mixture of ion exchange, electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and ligand exchange with Zr(IV) active sites, according to mechanistic research. The hydrogel also exhibited excellent reusability in repeated cycles with high removal efficiency. As a whole, the Am/IA–Zr (IV) hydrogel seems to be the potential inexpensive, environmental friendly adsorbent for the removal of fluoride from aqueous system.</p>

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Synthesis of Superabsorbent Hydrogel (Am/IA) With Zr(Iv) for Enhanced Fluoride Ions Nanocomposite: Adsorption Mechanism and Thermodynamics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月23日

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  • Mohammed Kassim Al-hussainawy,
  • Ahmed Kamil Mashkoor Al-sifayyih,
  • Haider R. Saud,
  • Hussein Ali Kadhim Kyhoiesh

摘要

In this work, acrylamide and itaconic acid are used as organic precursors in a green hydrothermal polymerization process to create a new zirconium-based superabsorbent hydrogel (Am/IA–Zr). The successful inclusion of zirconium and the creation of a stable hybrid structure with nanoscale characteristics were confirmed by the methodical characterization of the synthesized nanocomposite utilizing FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD, and TGA. Batch tests were used to assess the adsorption effectiveness toward fluoride ions under a range of operational circumstances, such as temperature, pH, dose, and contact time. The hydrogel demonstrated quick adsorption kinetics and great removal efficiency (up to about 99%), quickly reaching equilibrium. While kinetic studies demonstrated great agreement with Isotherm analysis of the pseudo-second-order model revealed that the Freundlich model best describes the adsorption-removal process, showing heterogeneous surface behavior. The adsorption is exothermic and spontaneous was verified by thermodynamic characteristics. Fluoride removal is achieved through a mixture of ion exchange, electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and ligand exchange with Zr(IV) active sites, according to mechanistic research. The hydrogel also exhibited excellent reusability in repeated cycles with high removal efficiency. As a whole, the Am/IA–Zr (IV) hydrogel seems to be the potential inexpensive, environmental friendly adsorbent for the removal of fluoride from aqueous system.