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<p>Pharmaceutical contaminants in aquatic environments have attracted considerable attention due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential ecological toxicity. In this study, a highly efficient ternary g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/MoS<sub>2</sub>/ZnO (gMZ) heterostructured photocatalyst was successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal method for the visible-light-driven degradation of tetracycline (TC). The structural, morphological, optical, and chemical properties of the synthesized composite were systematically investigated using various characterization techniques. The characterization results confirmed the successful formation of the ternary heterojunction, enhanced visible-light absorption, improved charge separation efficiency, and intimate interfacial contact among g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, MoS<sub>2</sub>, and ZnO, which are beneficial for photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized composite was evaluated by optimizing various operational parameters to achieve maximum degradation efficiency. Radical trapping experiments and electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis revealed that hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and superoxide radicals (•O<sub>2</sub>⁻) were the dominant reactive species involved in the degradation process. The gMZ composite exhibited outstanding photocatalytic performance, achieving 96.94% degradation of TC within 90&#xa0;min under visible-light irradiation. The degradation rate constant of gMZ was found to be 13.06, 3.25, 2.30, 1.75, and 1.46 times higher than those of bare MoS₂, g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, ZnO, and the binary MZ and gM composites, respectively. Based on the band edge potentials of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, MoS<sub>2</sub>, and ZnO, a plausible Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism was proposed. Furthermore, intermediate degradation products and possible degradation pathways were identified using LC–MS analysis. The results demonstrate that the. g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/MoS<sub>2</sub>/ZnO ternary composite possesses excellent photocatalytic efficiency, stability, and reusability, making it a promising candidate for the removal of pharmaceutical pollutants from wastewater.&#xa0;</p>

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Dual Z-Scheme g-C3N4/MoS2/ZnO Photocatalyst for Efficient Visible-Light Antibiotic Degradation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月24日

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  • Perumal K.,
  • Krishnan P.,
  • Bhuvaneswari R.,
  • Anandan K.,
  • Amirthakumar C.,
  • Dhamodharan A.,
  • Muthukrishnan P.,
  • Gayathri K.,
  • Rajesh K.,
  • Muthaiah Shellaiah,
  • Manikandan G.

摘要

Pharmaceutical contaminants in aquatic environments have attracted considerable attention due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential ecological toxicity. In this study, a highly efficient ternary g-C3N4/MoS2/ZnO (gMZ) heterostructured photocatalyst was successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal method for the visible-light-driven degradation of tetracycline (TC). The structural, morphological, optical, and chemical properties of the synthesized composite were systematically investigated using various characterization techniques. The characterization results confirmed the successful formation of the ternary heterojunction, enhanced visible-light absorption, improved charge separation efficiency, and intimate interfacial contact among g-C3N4, MoS2, and ZnO, which are beneficial for photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized composite was evaluated by optimizing various operational parameters to achieve maximum degradation efficiency. Radical trapping experiments and electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis revealed that hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and superoxide radicals (•O2⁻) were the dominant reactive species involved in the degradation process. The gMZ composite exhibited outstanding photocatalytic performance, achieving 96.94% degradation of TC within 90 min under visible-light irradiation. The degradation rate constant of gMZ was found to be 13.06, 3.25, 2.30, 1.75, and 1.46 times higher than those of bare MoS₂, g-C3N4, ZnO, and the binary MZ and gM composites, respectively. Based on the band edge potentials of g-C3N4, MoS2, and ZnO, a plausible Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism was proposed. Furthermore, intermediate degradation products and possible degradation pathways were identified using LC–MS analysis. The results demonstrate that the. g-C3N4/MoS2/ZnO ternary composite possesses excellent photocatalytic efficiency, stability, and reusability, making it a promising candidate for the removal of pharmaceutical pollutants from wastewater.