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<p>Carbonaceous nanoparticles formed via non-enzymatic browning (NEB) are an underexplored food-processing by-product with uncertain biological safety. This study evaluated the cytotoxicity of glycine–stearic acid-derived carbonaceous nanoparticles (Gly-Str-CNPs) generated under cooking-relevant conditions. The Gly-Str-CNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Cytotoxicity was assessed in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) using the MTT assay after exposure to 25–400&#xa0;µg/mL for 24 and 48&#xa0;h. Apoptosis-associated changes, mitochondrial potential, and cell-cycle distribution were evaluated using fluorescence staining and flow cytometry. TEM showed mainly spherical Gly-Str-CNPs with 6–40&#xa0;nm dimensions. FTIR, XRD, and TGA supported the formation of carbonaceous nanoparticles with mixed polar/aliphatic functionalities, a predominantly amorphous structure, and multi-step thermal degradation. Gly-Str-CNP exposure reduced hMSC viability in a concentration-dependent manner, with estimated IC₅₀ values of approximately 310&#xa0;µg/mL at 24&#xa0;h and 297&#xa0;µg/mL at 48&#xa0;h. Flow cytometry showed that the sub-G1 population increased from 1.51% to 15.77% at 100&#xa0;µg/mL, with G0/G1 accumulation and low S and G2/M populations. Nuclear staining showed chromatin condensation and fragmentation, whereas JC-1 indicates mitochondrial depolarization. Gly-Str-CNP exposure compromised hMSC viability and was associated with apoptosis-related nuclear alterations, mitochondrial depolarization, and cell-cycle perturbations, supporting further safety assessments of NEB-derived carbonaceous nanoparticles.</p>

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Nanotoxicological Assessment of Glycine–Stearic Acid-Derived Carbonaceous Nanoparticles in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月26日

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  • Omer Nasser Alsawmahi,
  • Jegan Athinarayanan,
  • Vaiyapuri Subbarayan Periasamy,
  • Zaha ab Almakhlafi,
  • Meshal Marzoog Al-Sharafa,
  • Ali A Alshatwi

摘要

Carbonaceous nanoparticles formed via non-enzymatic browning (NEB) are an underexplored food-processing by-product with uncertain biological safety. This study evaluated the cytotoxicity of glycine–stearic acid-derived carbonaceous nanoparticles (Gly-Str-CNPs) generated under cooking-relevant conditions. The Gly-Str-CNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Cytotoxicity was assessed in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) using the MTT assay after exposure to 25–400 µg/mL for 24 and 48 h. Apoptosis-associated changes, mitochondrial potential, and cell-cycle distribution were evaluated using fluorescence staining and flow cytometry. TEM showed mainly spherical Gly-Str-CNPs with 6–40 nm dimensions. FTIR, XRD, and TGA supported the formation of carbonaceous nanoparticles with mixed polar/aliphatic functionalities, a predominantly amorphous structure, and multi-step thermal degradation. Gly-Str-CNP exposure reduced hMSC viability in a concentration-dependent manner, with estimated IC₅₀ values of approximately 310 µg/mL at 24 h and 297 µg/mL at 48 h. Flow cytometry showed that the sub-G1 population increased from 1.51% to 15.77% at 100 µg/mL, with G0/G1 accumulation and low S and G2/M populations. Nuclear staining showed chromatin condensation and fragmentation, whereas JC-1 indicates mitochondrial depolarization. Gly-Str-CNP exposure compromised hMSC viability and was associated with apoptosis-related nuclear alterations, mitochondrial depolarization, and cell-cycle perturbations, supporting further safety assessments of NEB-derived carbonaceous nanoparticles.