Optimization of Magnetic Biochar Production from Pomegranate Peels using Experimental Design

This study aimed to optimize the synthesis of magnetic biochar derived from pomegranate peels (PP), an abundant and eco-friendly agricultural waste, using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The effect of key preparation parameters, including FeSO₄/biomass impregnation ratio (0.2–0.6), carbonization temperature (400–600 °C) and residence time (2–5 h), was investigated through a Box–Behnken design (BBD). The developed quadratic model showed good predictive capability and revealed that all process variables significantly influenced the biochar properties, with carbonization temperature and impregnation ratio having the most pronounced effects. The optimal synthesis conditions were identified as an impregnation ratio of 0.6, a carbonization temperature of 500 °C, and a residence time of 5 h. Under these conditions, the resulting magnetic biochar (PPMBC) exhibited a high iodine number of 783.38 mg.g^-1 indicating the development of a well-structured porous material. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of RSM as a powerful tool for optimizing magnetic biochar production and highlight the potential of pomegranate peel as a sustainable precursor for the development of high-performance adsorbent materials for wastewater treatment.