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<p>Pharmaceutical waste disposal has grown to be an alarming environmental risk. This study investigates photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical compounds using ZnO and CuO nanoparticles (NPs) under solar and UV radiation for green and cost-effective removal. ZnO NP, CuO nano-flakes (CuO-A) and nano-leaves (CuO-B) were synthesized and characterized by SEM, zeta-Sizer, zeta potential, EDS, XRD, FT-IR, BET, AAS and EC. The NPs were employed for the photocatalytic degradation of seven pharmaceutical compounds across wide lipophilicity range: namely, lincomycin (LIN), clindamycin (CLD), sulphathiazole (SUL), sulphadiazine (STZ), daclatasivir (DCV), tacrolimus (TAC), and vitamin D (Vit-D). The photocatalytic performance of both NPs was analytically assessed using UV-Spectrophotometry and HPLC and compared under solar and UV radiation at ambient conditions. The greenness profile of the removal protocol was assessed. Finally, the best conditions were selected in terms of environmental impact and removal efficiency. The synthesized NPs exhibited well-defined nanosheets with thickness of 100 nm for ZnO and an average width of 70- 60 nm for CuO. The particles exhibited surface charge of -15.8 mV for ZnO and -6.36 mV for CuO (-6.65: CuO-A and -6.07: CuO-B) mV. Results showed that NPs positively impacted the degradation of the seven tested compounds with statistically significant enhancement (p &lt; 0.005). Under solar radiation, the average degradation was 45.95% ± 20.84, 47.38% ± 9.92, 43.68% ± 11.47 for ZnO, CuO-A and CuO-B, respectively. Minor difference (&lt; 5%) was observed when UV radiation was employed. CuO-A exhibited the highest and most consistent degradation profile. In addition to that, CuO-A demonstrated the best greenness profile, achieving 86% on Eco-scale and 80.56% on MoGSA. Lipophilic compounds were better removed over hydrophilic compounds, with average degradation of 56.86% ± 4.69 versus 42.31% ± 4.36, respectively. The highest degradation (&gt; 70%) was achieved for DCV and Vit-D. These results suggest the feasibility of the sustainable solar radiation mediated NP base protocol for the photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical compounds in aqueous media. Specifically, CuO-A was the most promising catalyst, combining the greenest synthesis method, best performance in terms of degradation efficiency and consistency (47.38 ± 9.92). Lipophilic compounds showed higher degradation, underscoring the importance of pollutant properties in photocatalytic treatment strategies. In conclusion, green synthesized CuO-A NP can be efficiently used for photocatalytic removal for pharmaceutical compounds, especially lipophilic ones, under solar radiation imparting a green and cost-effective drug removal protocol.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Comparative Photodegradation Study of Seven Pharmaceutical Compounds Using ZnO and CuO Nanoparticles: Investigating the Effect of Radiation, Nanoparticles and Drug Physicochemical properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月23日

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  • Raneen Ezzat Mohamed,
  • Faten Farouk,
  • Ehab Farouk ElKady

摘要

Pharmaceutical waste disposal has grown to be an alarming environmental risk. This study investigates photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical compounds using ZnO and CuO nanoparticles (NPs) under solar and UV radiation for green and cost-effective removal. ZnO NP, CuO nano-flakes (CuO-A) and nano-leaves (CuO-B) were synthesized and characterized by SEM, zeta-Sizer, zeta potential, EDS, XRD, FT-IR, BET, AAS and EC. The NPs were employed for the photocatalytic degradation of seven pharmaceutical compounds across wide lipophilicity range: namely, lincomycin (LIN), clindamycin (CLD), sulphathiazole (SUL), sulphadiazine (STZ), daclatasivir (DCV), tacrolimus (TAC), and vitamin D (Vit-D). The photocatalytic performance of both NPs was analytically assessed using UV-Spectrophotometry and HPLC and compared under solar and UV radiation at ambient conditions. The greenness profile of the removal protocol was assessed. Finally, the best conditions were selected in terms of environmental impact and removal efficiency. The synthesized NPs exhibited well-defined nanosheets with thickness of 100 nm for ZnO and an average width of 70- 60 nm for CuO. The particles exhibited surface charge of -15.8 mV for ZnO and -6.36 mV for CuO (-6.65: CuO-A and -6.07: CuO-B) mV. Results showed that NPs positively impacted the degradation of the seven tested compounds with statistically significant enhancement (p < 0.005). Under solar radiation, the average degradation was 45.95% ± 20.84, 47.38% ± 9.92, 43.68% ± 11.47 for ZnO, CuO-A and CuO-B, respectively. Minor difference (< 5%) was observed when UV radiation was employed. CuO-A exhibited the highest and most consistent degradation profile. In addition to that, CuO-A demonstrated the best greenness profile, achieving 86% on Eco-scale and 80.56% on MoGSA. Lipophilic compounds were better removed over hydrophilic compounds, with average degradation of 56.86% ± 4.69 versus 42.31% ± 4.36, respectively. The highest degradation (> 70%) was achieved for DCV and Vit-D. These results suggest the feasibility of the sustainable solar radiation mediated NP base protocol for the photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical compounds in aqueous media. Specifically, CuO-A was the most promising catalyst, combining the greenest synthesis method, best performance in terms of degradation efficiency and consistency (47.38 ± 9.92). Lipophilic compounds showed higher degradation, underscoring the importance of pollutant properties in photocatalytic treatment strategies. In conclusion, green synthesized CuO-A NP can be efficiently used for photocatalytic removal for pharmaceutical compounds, especially lipophilic ones, under solar radiation imparting a green and cost-effective drug removal protocol.

Graphical Abstract