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<p>The development of biocompatible nanomaterials through green synthetic routes offers a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical methods. In this study, calcium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using <i>Tinospora cordifolia</i> leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent, coupled with eggshell-derived calcium carbonate as a precursor. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using comprehensive analytical tools. Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy exhibited absorption peaks in 250–300&#xa0;nm range indicating the presence of polyphenolic compounds. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy findings further supported the prevalence of aromatic functional groups associated with flavonoids and polyphenols, alongside alkaloids (berberine) and tannins. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the crystalline nature and spherical structure of the synthesized nanoparticles, with an average particle size of 67&#xa0;nm calculated using the Scherrer equation. The Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed well-dispersed, spherical nanoparticles with size distribution range of 60–80&#xa0;nm. The nanoparticles synthesized using 2&#xa0;g of calcium oxide demonstrated potent antioxidant capacity as evidenced by concentration-dependent scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, and significant ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activities. In vitro antidiabetic assessment demonstrated significant α-amylase inhibition, with the 2&#xa0;g CaO formulation exhibiting the highest inhibitory potency (SF2, IC50 75.4&#xa0;µg/ mL) than SF1 and SF3. Computational modelling corroborated the in vitro analysis, revealing strong binding interactions of CaO nanoparticles with the catalytic residues of human pancreatic α-amylase. Simulation indicated effective inhibition of binding sites with a binding energy (B.E) of -8.3&#xa0;kcal/ mole, while Density Functional Theory (DFT) analysis elucidated the electronic transitions (HOMO-LUMO energy gap of approximately 3.2&#xa0;eV) and frontier orbital distributions associated with nanoparticle reactivity. <i>T. cordifolia</i> has already been characterized for its potent antidiabetic properties, but the plant-mediated nanaoparticles has primarily focused on the synthesis of silver, gold, and zinc oxides. However, this study evaluates the antidiabetic activity of CaO nanoparticles complemented by molecular docking insights to determine mechanism of action. These findings collectively highlight the potential of <i>T. cordifolia</i>-mediated CaONPs as multifunctional bioactive nanomaterials with promising applications in oxidative stress management, diabetes therapeutics, and broader biomedical technologies.</p>

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Synthesis and Characterization of Tinospora Cordifolia-Mediated Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Antidiabetic Potential

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月27日

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  • Bushra Nisar,
  • Sayyam Fatima,
  • Farzana Shamim,
  • Hina Fatima,
  • Sobia Aleem,
  • Sadia Noreen,
  • Muhammad Tahir Akhtar,
  • Mostafa A. Ismail,
  • Rahman Qadir,
  • Ayesha Sultan,
  • Mubshara Saadia

摘要

The development of biocompatible nanomaterials through green synthetic routes offers a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical methods. In this study, calcium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using Tinospora cordifolia leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent, coupled with eggshell-derived calcium carbonate as a precursor. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using comprehensive analytical tools. Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy exhibited absorption peaks in 250–300 nm range indicating the presence of polyphenolic compounds. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy findings further supported the prevalence of aromatic functional groups associated with flavonoids and polyphenols, alongside alkaloids (berberine) and tannins. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the crystalline nature and spherical structure of the synthesized nanoparticles, with an average particle size of 67 nm calculated using the Scherrer equation. The Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed well-dispersed, spherical nanoparticles with size distribution range of 60–80 nm. The nanoparticles synthesized using 2 g of calcium oxide demonstrated potent antioxidant capacity as evidenced by concentration-dependent scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, and significant ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activities. In vitro antidiabetic assessment demonstrated significant α-amylase inhibition, with the 2 g CaO formulation exhibiting the highest inhibitory potency (SF2, IC50 75.4 µg/ mL) than SF1 and SF3. Computational modelling corroborated the in vitro analysis, revealing strong binding interactions of CaO nanoparticles with the catalytic residues of human pancreatic α-amylase. Simulation indicated effective inhibition of binding sites with a binding energy (B.E) of -8.3 kcal/ mole, while Density Functional Theory (DFT) analysis elucidated the electronic transitions (HOMO-LUMO energy gap of approximately 3.2 eV) and frontier orbital distributions associated with nanoparticle reactivity. T. cordifolia has already been characterized for its potent antidiabetic properties, but the plant-mediated nanaoparticles has primarily focused on the synthesis of silver, gold, and zinc oxides. However, this study evaluates the antidiabetic activity of CaO nanoparticles complemented by molecular docking insights to determine mechanism of action. These findings collectively highlight the potential of T. cordifolia-mediated CaONPs as multifunctional bioactive nanomaterials with promising applications in oxidative stress management, diabetes therapeutics, and broader biomedical technologies.