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<p>The degradation of ofloxacin (OFL), a widely used fluoroquinolone antibiotic, was examined using sulfate and hydroxyl radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR- and HR-AOPs), i.e., UV/persulfate (UV/PS) and UV/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) processes. The removal efficacy of OFL using UV/PS and UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> processes was observed to be 95.28 and 83.84%, respectively, using 10&#xa0;mg/L OFL, 0.5 mM PS/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, pH 6 and treatment time of 60&#xa0;min. The degradation process followed pseudo-first order kinetic model. The observed rate constant (<i>k</i><sub>obs</sub>) were 0.0510 and 0.0324&#xa0;min<sup>− 1</sup> for the UV/PS and UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> processes, respectively. The degradation efficiency of OFL by the UV/PS and UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> was significantly enhanced by the addition of 0.5&#xa0;g/L of nitrogen-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles (N-TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs). The removal efficiency of OFL was found to be 100.0% after 45 min of treatment using UV/PS/N-TiO<sub>2</sub> system, while the degradation efficiency reached 98.36% after 60 min of irradiation using the UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/N-TiO<sub>2</sub> system. Humic acid (HA) and inorganic anions, such as CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>, Cl<sup>−</sup>, HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, negative affected the degradation efficiency of OFL in both UV/PS and UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> processes. The electrical energy per order (EE/O) for UV/PS and UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> systems were calculated to be 0.0201 and 0.0318&#xa0;kW h m<sup>− 3</sup>/order, respectively. Furthermore, degradation products (DPs) were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were used to support the proposed degradation pathways and identify the reactive sites in OFL molecule. This work presents a systematic and comparative investigation of UV-activated and N-TiO<sub>2</sub> catalyzed PS and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> for the removal of OFL. The current study also suggests that both UV/PS and UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> processes have the ability to effectively remove OFL from water, while the synergetic role of N-TiO<sub>2</sub> further enhances the degradation of OFL, thereby protecting the human health and aquatic lives from the harmful effects of water pollutants.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Degradation of ofloxacin by UV-activated and nitrogen-doped TiO2 catalyzed persulfate and hydrogen peroxide: Kinetics, mechanism, toxicity and economic evaluations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Dilaram Khan,
  • Wisal Ahmad,
  • Roman Shah,
  • Syed Izaz Ali Shah,
  • Irfan Ullah,
  • Noor S. Shah,
  • Javed Ali Khan,
  • Abdulaziz Al-Anazi

摘要

The degradation of ofloxacin (OFL), a widely used fluoroquinolone antibiotic, was examined using sulfate and hydroxyl radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR- and HR-AOPs), i.e., UV/persulfate (UV/PS) and UV/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) processes. The removal efficacy of OFL using UV/PS and UV/H2O2 processes was observed to be 95.28 and 83.84%, respectively, using 10 mg/L OFL, 0.5 mM PS/H2O2, pH 6 and treatment time of 60 min. The degradation process followed pseudo-first order kinetic model. The observed rate constant (kobs) were 0.0510 and 0.0324 min− 1 for the UV/PS and UV/H2O2 processes, respectively. The degradation efficiency of OFL by the UV/PS and UV/H2O2 was significantly enhanced by the addition of 0.5 g/L of nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (N-TiO2 NPs). The removal efficiency of OFL was found to be 100.0% after 45 min of treatment using UV/PS/N-TiO2 system, while the degradation efficiency reached 98.36% after 60 min of irradiation using the UV/H2O2/N-TiO2 system. Humic acid (HA) and inorganic anions, such as CO32−, Cl−, HCO3− and NO3−, negative affected the degradation efficiency of OFL in both UV/PS and UV/H2O2 processes. The electrical energy per order (EE/O) for UV/PS and UV/H2O2 systems were calculated to be 0.0201 and 0.0318 kW h m− 3/order, respectively. Furthermore, degradation products (DPs) were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were used to support the proposed degradation pathways and identify the reactive sites in OFL molecule. This work presents a systematic and comparative investigation of UV-activated and N-TiO2 catalyzed PS and H2O2 for the removal of OFL. The current study also suggests that both UV/PS and UV/H2O2 processes have the ability to effectively remove OFL from water, while the synergetic role of N-TiO2 further enhances the degradation of OFL, thereby protecting the human health and aquatic lives from the harmful effects of water pollutants.

Graphical Abstract