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<p>This study investigates the valorization of fatty tannery waste, a lipid- and protein-rich industrial by-product, into biochar through the combined use of microwave irradiation and ultrasound-assisted activation, with comparison to conventional furnace carbonization. The integrated preparation route significantly improved the physicochemical properties of the resulting materials. Characterization by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis, and cation exchange capacity measurements showed that the optimized biochar exhibited the highest specific surface area and cation exchange capacity among the prepared samples. These improvements are attributed to the combined effects of rapid volumetric heating, acoustic cavitation, and chemical activation, which enhanced matrix transformation and promoted the development of accessible adsorption sites. In a preliminary batch adsorption test, the optimized biochar achieved a methylene blue removal efficiency of 79.37%, slightly exceeding that of commercial activated carbon (75.96%) under the selected experimental conditions. These findings demonstrate that the combined microwave–ultrasound-assisted activation route provides an effective and environmentally relevant strategy for converting fatty tannery waste into a value-added biochar with potential for water treatment applications.</p>

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Innovative Biochar Production from Tannery Waste Using Microwave and Ultrasound Technologies for Water Purification Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Souad El alami,
  • Raja Belaabed,
  • Hanane Ibaghlin,
  • Omar Boualam,
  • Hakima El knidri,
  • Abdellah Addaou,
  • Ali Laajeb

摘要

This study investigates the valorization of fatty tannery waste, a lipid- and protein-rich industrial by-product, into biochar through the combined use of microwave irradiation and ultrasound-assisted activation, with comparison to conventional furnace carbonization. The integrated preparation route significantly improved the physicochemical properties of the resulting materials. Characterization by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis, and cation exchange capacity measurements showed that the optimized biochar exhibited the highest specific surface area and cation exchange capacity among the prepared samples. These improvements are attributed to the combined effects of rapid volumetric heating, acoustic cavitation, and chemical activation, which enhanced matrix transformation and promoted the development of accessible adsorption sites. In a preliminary batch adsorption test, the optimized biochar achieved a methylene blue removal efficiency of 79.37%, slightly exceeding that of commercial activated carbon (75.96%) under the selected experimental conditions. These findings demonstrate that the combined microwave–ultrasound-assisted activation route provides an effective and environmentally relevant strategy for converting fatty tannery waste into a value-added biochar with potential for water treatment applications.