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<p>Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess impressive optical, catalytic, and antimicrobial properties; however, the methods of their synthesis traditionally imply using toxic substances and processes that require energy consumption. An environmentally friendly substitute to green synthesis using plant-based phytochemicals has been reported, though not many have explored the interrelationship between part-specific metabolite profile and yield and stability of AgNPs synthesis. In this research work, the green synthesis of AgNPs using the hydroethanolic extracts of <i>Annona muricat</i>a seed, pulp, and peel was comparatively analyzed under the same conditions to explore the role of phytochemical diversity in modulating the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles. Seed-mediated synthesis showed the highest yield of nanoparticles (85.1 ± 1.8%) and retained 60% of its optical intensity after three months, recording better colloidal stability. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed the presence of characteristic surface plasmon resonance bands (421–445&#xa0;nm), which suggested that there was size variability depending on the extract. XRD patterns confirmed the face-centered cubic crystalline structure of Ag⁰ with an average crystallite size of approximately 18&#xa0;nm, while TEM images indicated that peel-extracted AgNPs were predominantly of spherical shape (5–15&#xa0;nm), whereas seed-extracted AgNPs, making up bimodal size distributions of 5–50&#xa0;nm, were obtained, and the pulp-extracted AgNPs were more heterogeneous. Though the nanoparticles prepared from the peel were smaller and more homogenous, the phytochemical corona had minor resistance to oxidative degradation. GC-MS analysis proved that the seed extracts with a high value of the fatty acid promoted the steric stabilization, whereas the sugar-rich peel extracts induced a fast nucleation but a lower durability.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Sustainable Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Annona muricata Fruit Parts: A Comparative Study on Phytochemical-mediated Stability

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月6日

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  • Praveena Lakshminaryanan,
  • D Jenila Rani,
  • Moogambigai Sugumar,
  • P Thamarai,
  • A. Saravanan

摘要

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess impressive optical, catalytic, and antimicrobial properties; however, the methods of their synthesis traditionally imply using toxic substances and processes that require energy consumption. An environmentally friendly substitute to green synthesis using plant-based phytochemicals has been reported, though not many have explored the interrelationship between part-specific metabolite profile and yield and stability of AgNPs synthesis. In this research work, the green synthesis of AgNPs using the hydroethanolic extracts of Annona muricata seed, pulp, and peel was comparatively analyzed under the same conditions to explore the role of phytochemical diversity in modulating the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles. Seed-mediated synthesis showed the highest yield of nanoparticles (85.1 ± 1.8%) and retained 60% of its optical intensity after three months, recording better colloidal stability. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed the presence of characteristic surface plasmon resonance bands (421–445 nm), which suggested that there was size variability depending on the extract. XRD patterns confirmed the face-centered cubic crystalline structure of Ag⁰ with an average crystallite size of approximately 18 nm, while TEM images indicated that peel-extracted AgNPs were predominantly of spherical shape (5–15 nm), whereas seed-extracted AgNPs, making up bimodal size distributions of 5–50 nm, were obtained, and the pulp-extracted AgNPs were more heterogeneous. Though the nanoparticles prepared from the peel were smaller and more homogenous, the phytochemical corona had minor resistance to oxidative degradation. GC-MS analysis proved that the seed extracts with a high value of the fatty acid promoted the steric stabilization, whereas the sugar-rich peel extracts induced a fast nucleation but a lower durability.

Graphical Abstract