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<p>The presence of high iron concentrations in industrial wastewater presents serious environmental concerns if untreated. This study investigates the potential of using eggshell powder activated with 5% date vinegar as an inexpensive and sustainable adsorbent for iron removal. A full factorial design was employed to assess the impact of pH (2, 4, 6), the amount of adsorbent used 0.5, 1 and 1.5&#xa0;g in 100 mL and the length of the contact time (30–120&#xa0;min). SEM, XRD, and FTIR analyses confirmed that vinegar activation improved the surface characteristics of eggshells by increasing porosity and causing structural modifications, as well as introducing hydroxyl, alkane, and carbonyl groups. The iron removal efficiency ranged from 20.9% to 96.3%, with the optimal conditions being a pH of 2, a dosage of 1&#xa0;g, and a contact time of 120&#xa0;min. Application to real industrial wastewater yielded an efficiency of 89.09%. The adsorption behaviour fitted both the Langmuir (R² = 0.987) and the Freundlich (R² = 0.995) isotherm models, indicating a combination of monolayer and heterogeneous adsorption. Regeneration tests confirmed reusability, though efficiency decreased over cycles. Overall, these results highlight vinegar-activated eggshell powder as an effective, eco-friendly adsorbent that performs competitively compared to conventional materials. It offers a practical solution for the industrial-scale removal of iron.</p>

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Statistical and Isothermal Study of Iron Adsorption from Industrial Wastewater Using a Biosorbent Prepared from Eggshells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月24日

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  • Zineb Hacini,
  • Berregui Boubakeur,
  • Kherfi Abderraouf

摘要

The presence of high iron concentrations in industrial wastewater presents serious environmental concerns if untreated. This study investigates the potential of using eggshell powder activated with 5% date vinegar as an inexpensive and sustainable adsorbent for iron removal. A full factorial design was employed to assess the impact of pH (2, 4, 6), the amount of adsorbent used 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g in 100 mL and the length of the contact time (30–120 min). SEM, XRD, and FTIR analyses confirmed that vinegar activation improved the surface characteristics of eggshells by increasing porosity and causing structural modifications, as well as introducing hydroxyl, alkane, and carbonyl groups. The iron removal efficiency ranged from 20.9% to 96.3%, with the optimal conditions being a pH of 2, a dosage of 1 g, and a contact time of 120 min. Application to real industrial wastewater yielded an efficiency of 89.09%. The adsorption behaviour fitted both the Langmuir (R² = 0.987) and the Freundlich (R² = 0.995) isotherm models, indicating a combination of monolayer and heterogeneous adsorption. Regeneration tests confirmed reusability, though efficiency decreased over cycles. Overall, these results highlight vinegar-activated eggshell powder as an effective, eco-friendly adsorbent that performs competitively compared to conventional materials. It offers a practical solution for the industrial-scale removal of iron.