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<p>Paracetamol (acetaminophen, APAP) is one of the most widely used analgesic and antipyretic drugs, and its accurate determination is essential for pharmaceutical quality control due to risks associated with overdose and adulteration. This study aims to develop a selective and sensitive electrochemical method for APAP quantification using a platinum electrode modified with Alizarin Red S (ARS) film. The ARS film was formed by cyclization of platinum electrode between – 0.2 and 1.2&#xa0;V versus Ag/AgCl, with six cycles identified as optimum for producing a stable and uniform coating. The modified ARS–Pt electrode demonstrated excellent electrochemical stability in 0.5&#xa0;M H₂SO₄ and provided high intra- and inter-day precision for APAP detection. Surface characterization by scanning electron microscopy confirmed homogeneous ARS deposition and strong adhesion to the platinum electrode surface. The modified electrode showed enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward APAP oxidation, as verified using K<sub>3</sub>[Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>] and APAP redox probes. Differential pulse voltammetry offered a wide linear range from 11.0&#xa0;µM to 3.0&#xa0;mM and a low detection limit of 2.8&#xa0;µM. Interference studies revealed no significant impact from common inorganic ions, while 4-aminophenol and sodium acetate produced distinct and non-overlapping responses, confirming high selectivity. The method was successfully applied to commercial pharmaceutical formulations, achieving recovery values between 84.3% and 105.4% with relative errors below 4.2%. The findings demonstrate that the ARS–modified platinum electrode is an effective and reliable sensor for routine determination of APAP in pharmaceutical products.</p>

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Electrochemical Determination of Acetaminophen in Pharmaceutical Formulations with an Alizarin Red S–Modified Platinum Electrode

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • Mohammad Amayreh

摘要

Paracetamol (acetaminophen, APAP) is one of the most widely used analgesic and antipyretic drugs, and its accurate determination is essential for pharmaceutical quality control due to risks associated with overdose and adulteration. This study aims to develop a selective and sensitive electrochemical method for APAP quantification using a platinum electrode modified with Alizarin Red S (ARS) film. The ARS film was formed by cyclization of platinum electrode between – 0.2 and 1.2 V versus Ag/AgCl, with six cycles identified as optimum for producing a stable and uniform coating. The modified ARS–Pt electrode demonstrated excellent electrochemical stability in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ and provided high intra- and inter-day precision for APAP detection. Surface characterization by scanning electron microscopy confirmed homogeneous ARS deposition and strong adhesion to the platinum electrode surface. The modified electrode showed enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward APAP oxidation, as verified using K3[Fe(CN)6] and APAP redox probes. Differential pulse voltammetry offered a wide linear range from 11.0 µM to 3.0 mM and a low detection limit of 2.8 µM. Interference studies revealed no significant impact from common inorganic ions, while 4-aminophenol and sodium acetate produced distinct and non-overlapping responses, confirming high selectivity. The method was successfully applied to commercial pharmaceutical formulations, achieving recovery values between 84.3% and 105.4% with relative errors below 4.2%. The findings demonstrate that the ARS–modified platinum electrode is an effective and reliable sensor for routine determination of APAP in pharmaceutical products.