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<p>This study focuses on the encapsulation and characterization of bioactive molecules extracted from black grape seeds (BGSE) from Kurdistan and Barhi date seeds (BDSE) from Iraq, aiming to develop efficient liposomal delivery systems. Bioactive molecules were extracted via maceration and identified using LC-MS, revealing diverse phytochemicals with potential therapeutic benefits. Liposomes were formulated using a moderate ultrasonication bath, enabling successful encapsulation of both extracts. Encapsulation was qualitatively verified by UV-VIS spectroscopy, while encapsulation efficiency (EE%) was quantitatively measured after one month. Results showed high EE% values, ranging from 99.33 ± 0.01% to 97.20 ± 0.16% for BGSE-loaded and 98.04 ± 0.04% to 92.27 ± 0.20% for BDSE-loaded liposomes. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis indicated a significant decrease in particle size post-encapsulation down to 102.6 ± 5.8&#xa0;nm (BGSE) and 177.9 ± 14.7&#xa0;nm (BDSE) from 483.2 ± 156.9&#xa0;nm in non-loaded liposomes. Zeta potential values confirmed colloidal stability, and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) revealed spherical morphology and accurate size distributions. Notably, BDSE-loaded liposomes exhibited strong antibacterial activity against <i>E. faecalis</i>, <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, <i>S. aureus</i>, and <i>E. coli</i>, indicating their potential as natural antimicrobial agents. The study demonstrates the effective integration of natural bioactives and nanotechnology, promoting sustainable utilization of agricultural waste in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Liposome-Based Encapsulation of Bioactive Molecules from Kurdish Grape and Iraqi Date Seeds: Impact of Moderate Sonication on Formulation, Characterization, and Antibacterial Properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月21日

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  • Sawza Abdulsalam Mohammed,
  • Vian S. Ismail

摘要

This study focuses on the encapsulation and characterization of bioactive molecules extracted from black grape seeds (BGSE) from Kurdistan and Barhi date seeds (BDSE) from Iraq, aiming to develop efficient liposomal delivery systems. Bioactive molecules were extracted via maceration and identified using LC-MS, revealing diverse phytochemicals with potential therapeutic benefits. Liposomes were formulated using a moderate ultrasonication bath, enabling successful encapsulation of both extracts. Encapsulation was qualitatively verified by UV-VIS spectroscopy, while encapsulation efficiency (EE%) was quantitatively measured after one month. Results showed high EE% values, ranging from 99.33 ± 0.01% to 97.20 ± 0.16% for BGSE-loaded and 98.04 ± 0.04% to 92.27 ± 0.20% for BDSE-loaded liposomes. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis indicated a significant decrease in particle size post-encapsulation down to 102.6 ± 5.8 nm (BGSE) and 177.9 ± 14.7 nm (BDSE) from 483.2 ± 156.9 nm in non-loaded liposomes. Zeta potential values confirmed colloidal stability, and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) revealed spherical morphology and accurate size distributions. Notably, BDSE-loaded liposomes exhibited strong antibacterial activity against E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. coli, indicating their potential as natural antimicrobial agents. The study demonstrates the effective integration of natural bioactives and nanotechnology, promoting sustainable utilization of agricultural waste in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

Graphical Abstract