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<p>This study presents the first comprehensive evaluation of the Iron(II)/Periodate (i.e., Fe(II)/PI) process in a laboratory-scale continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), a configuration particularly suited for rapid reaction kinetics. Initial batch-mode experiments using the industrial dye Cibacron Green H3G (CG-H3G) confirmed the quasi-instantaneous degradation kinetics, with dye concentrations dropping sharply within seconds, underscoring the necessity of continuous operation with short residence times. In the CSTR system, process performance was assessed under varying operational parameters—including Fe(II) dosage, PI flow rate, initial dye concentration, and pH—as well as across different aqueous matrices (deionized, mineral, seawater, and secondary wastewater effluent). Results demonstrated that optimal Fe(II) and PI loadings enabled complete dye removal (up to 100%) within seconds, with Fe(IV)-oxo species identified as the dominant oxidants. Acidic conditions (around pH 3) significantly favored Fe(IV) formation and enhanced oxidation, although high conversion was also retained up to pH 6. However, excessive Fe(II) induced self-quenching, and elevated initial dye concentrations reduced degradation due to competition for reactive species. The impact of water matrix composition was substantial: while moderately mineralized waters had negligible effects, organic-rich wastewater and saline seawater markedly reduced the process efficiency, indicating inhibitory interactions arising from both natural organic matter and inorganic ions. Comparative tests confirmed the superior performance of Fe(II)/PI over Fe(II)/percarbonate (Fenton), Fe(II)/persulfate, and Fe(II)/chlorine systems under similar conditions. Notably, the reactivity profile of Fe(II)/PI paralleled that of Fe(II)/chlorine, suggesting a second-order rate constant of at least 10⁴ M⁻¹s⁻¹ for Fe(IV) generation via Fe(II)–PI interaction. These findings highlight the high potential and tunability of the Fe(II)/PI system for fast and effective treatment of dye-contaminated waters under realistic and variable water quality scenarios.</p>

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Implementation of the Iron(II)/Periodate Process in a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR): Kinetics, Water Quality Influence, and Comparative Performance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月28日

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  • Slimane Merouani,
  • Ihssen Bentama,
  • Ikhlasse Boumaiza,
  • Douaa Lekrine,
  • Aissa Dehane,
  • Oualid Hamdaoui

摘要

This study presents the first comprehensive evaluation of the Iron(II)/Periodate (i.e., Fe(II)/PI) process in a laboratory-scale continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), a configuration particularly suited for rapid reaction kinetics. Initial batch-mode experiments using the industrial dye Cibacron Green H3G (CG-H3G) confirmed the quasi-instantaneous degradation kinetics, with dye concentrations dropping sharply within seconds, underscoring the necessity of continuous operation with short residence times. In the CSTR system, process performance was assessed under varying operational parameters—including Fe(II) dosage, PI flow rate, initial dye concentration, and pH—as well as across different aqueous matrices (deionized, mineral, seawater, and secondary wastewater effluent). Results demonstrated that optimal Fe(II) and PI loadings enabled complete dye removal (up to 100%) within seconds, with Fe(IV)-oxo species identified as the dominant oxidants. Acidic conditions (around pH 3) significantly favored Fe(IV) formation and enhanced oxidation, although high conversion was also retained up to pH 6. However, excessive Fe(II) induced self-quenching, and elevated initial dye concentrations reduced degradation due to competition for reactive species. The impact of water matrix composition was substantial: while moderately mineralized waters had negligible effects, organic-rich wastewater and saline seawater markedly reduced the process efficiency, indicating inhibitory interactions arising from both natural organic matter and inorganic ions. Comparative tests confirmed the superior performance of Fe(II)/PI over Fe(II)/percarbonate (Fenton), Fe(II)/persulfate, and Fe(II)/chlorine systems under similar conditions. Notably, the reactivity profile of Fe(II)/PI paralleled that of Fe(II)/chlorine, suggesting a second-order rate constant of at least 10⁴ M⁻¹s⁻¹ for Fe(IV) generation via Fe(II)–PI interaction. These findings highlight the high potential and tunability of the Fe(II)/PI system for fast and effective treatment of dye-contaminated waters under realistic and variable water quality scenarios.