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Purpose <p>The study aimed to explore the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antibiotic-modulatory properties of nanoemulsified essential oils (EOs) derived from <i>Xylopia villosa</i> (leaves and stembark) and <i>Hyparrhenia rufa</i>. It specifically targeted infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, including ESKAPE organisms and <i>Candida albicans</i>, with a focus on their polymicrobial biofilms, particularly those formed with <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>.</p> Methods <p>Essential oils were extracted via steam distillation and characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Nanoemulsions were formulated using different surfactant-to-oil ratios (9:1, 8:2, and 7:3). Antimicrobial activity was assessed through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays, while antibiofilm efficacy was evaluated using biofilm inhibition concentration (BIC₅₀) assays against <i>C. albicans</i>, <i>S. aureus</i>, and their mixed biofilms.</p> Results <p>GC-MS analysis identified γ-eudesmol (22.35%), palmitic acid (32.29%), and humulene (23.16%) as the dominant components in <i>H. rufa</i>, <i>X. villosa</i> leaf, and stembark EOs, respectively. Among the nanoemulsion formulations, the 9:1 surfactant-to-oil ratio exhibited the most potent antimicrobial activity (MIC: 3.775–7.90&#xa0;mg/mL) and significant biofilm inhibition (BIC₅₀: 0.495–3.854&#xa0;mg/mL) across all tested organisms and their polymicrobial combinations.</p> Conclusion <p>Nanoemulsified EOs of <i>X. villosa</i> and <i>H. rufa</i> demonstrate strong antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities, particularly against resistant and polymicrobial infections involving <i>C. albicans</i> and <i>S. aureus</i>. These findings support their potential as promising candidates for alternative therapeutic development.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p> <p>Graphical abstract showing the extraction and encapsulation of essential oils from <i>Xylopia villosa</i> and <i>Hyparrhenia rufa</i>, and their enhanced antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. Encapsulation improved the bioactivity of the oils, leading to significant inhibition of microbial growth and biofilm formation.</p>

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Essential Oil Emulsions from Xylopia Villosa and Hyparrhena Rufa as Potent Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Agents

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月28日

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  • Akua Gyamfi,
  • Randolf Benle,
  • Michael Konney Laryea,
  • Mercy Badu,
  • Lawrence Sheringham Borquaye

摘要

Purpose

The study aimed to explore the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antibiotic-modulatory properties of nanoemulsified essential oils (EOs) derived from Xylopia villosa (leaves and stembark) and Hyparrhenia rufa. It specifically targeted infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, including ESKAPE organisms and Candida albicans, with a focus on their polymicrobial biofilms, particularly those formed with Staphylococcus aureus.

Methods

Essential oils were extracted via steam distillation and characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Nanoemulsions were formulated using different surfactant-to-oil ratios (9:1, 8:2, and 7:3). Antimicrobial activity was assessed through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays, while antibiofilm efficacy was evaluated using biofilm inhibition concentration (BIC₅₀) assays against C. albicans, S. aureus, and their mixed biofilms.

Results

GC-MS analysis identified γ-eudesmol (22.35%), palmitic acid (32.29%), and humulene (23.16%) as the dominant components in H. rufa, X. villosa leaf, and stembark EOs, respectively. Among the nanoemulsion formulations, the 9:1 surfactant-to-oil ratio exhibited the most potent antimicrobial activity (MIC: 3.775–7.90 mg/mL) and significant biofilm inhibition (BIC₅₀: 0.495–3.854 mg/mL) across all tested organisms and their polymicrobial combinations.

Conclusion

Nanoemulsified EOs of X. villosa and H. rufa demonstrate strong antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities, particularly against resistant and polymicrobial infections involving C. albicans and S. aureus. These findings support their potential as promising candidates for alternative therapeutic development.

Graphical Abstract

Graphical abstract showing the extraction and encapsulation of essential oils from Xylopia villosa and Hyparrhenia rufa, and their enhanced antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. Encapsulation improved the bioactivity of the oils, leading to significant inhibition of microbial growth and biofilm formation.