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<p>The present investigation was aimed to eliminate Eriochrome Black T (EBT) dye by iron and nitrogen co-doped banana fruit peel biochar (Fe–N-BPBC). The novelty of present study lies in the preparation of iron and nitrogen functionalized biochar from banana fruit peel wastes to boost sorption potential of EBT dye. The doping of nitrogen onto biochar enhances graphitization, availability of functional groups, electron transfer and number of sorption sites, whereas iron doping induces electric and magnetic fields on biochar surface which facilitates easy separation and reutilization of spent adsorbent. Thus, application of co-doped biochar provides many benefits like high catalytic potential, environmental compatibility and can trap dye contaminants easily due to their synergistic effects. The characterization of co-doped biochar by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reflected notable alterations in pore structure, biochar surface functionalities. At optimum pH 2, adsorbent amount 1&#xa0;g, and 30&#xa0;min contact time with EBT dye (200&#xa0;mg/L concentration) showed highest 96% decolorization efficacy with Fe–N-BPBC. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order models described equilibrium results. For EBT dye, maximum adsorption efficiency of BPBC and Fe–N-BPBC were 9.74&#xa0;mg&#xa0;g<sup>−1</sup> and 10.17&#xa0;mg&#xa0;g<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. The Gibb's free energy (ΔG°) negative value reflects that sorption process was feasible and spontaneous. Alterations in enthalpy (ΔH<sup>0</sup>) -24.068&#xa0;kJ&#xa0;mol<sup><b>−</b>1</sup> and entropy (ΔS<sup>0</sup>) 73.112&#xa0;J&#xa0;K<sup>−1</sup> were recorded for Fe–N-BPBC. Recycling tests have shown that both BPBC and Fe–N-BPBC can be easily reused after several runs, as exhibited 38 and 53% EBT dye removal capacity after five successive cycles. Phytotoxicity test reported that BPBC and Fe–N-BPBC treated EBT dye solution enhanced growth of <i>Pisum sativum</i> specifically by Fe–N-BPBC treated EBT dye solution. Thus, due to high EBT dye removal efficiency, stability and reusability co-doped biochar has shown splendid prospects to convert wastewater into valuable asset for sustainable environment.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Fabrication of Iron and Nitrogen Doped Magnetic Banana Fruit Peel Biochar for Sequestration of Eriochrome Black T Dye: Mechanistic Insights and Reutilization Strategy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月7日

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  • Riti Thapar Kapoor,
  • Mohd Rafatullah,
  • Mahboob Alam,
  • Masoom Raza Siddiqui

摘要

The present investigation was aimed to eliminate Eriochrome Black T (EBT) dye by iron and nitrogen co-doped banana fruit peel biochar (Fe–N-BPBC). The novelty of present study lies in the preparation of iron and nitrogen functionalized biochar from banana fruit peel wastes to boost sorption potential of EBT dye. The doping of nitrogen onto biochar enhances graphitization, availability of functional groups, electron transfer and number of sorption sites, whereas iron doping induces electric and magnetic fields on biochar surface which facilitates easy separation and reutilization of spent adsorbent. Thus, application of co-doped biochar provides many benefits like high catalytic potential, environmental compatibility and can trap dye contaminants easily due to their synergistic effects. The characterization of co-doped biochar by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reflected notable alterations in pore structure, biochar surface functionalities. At optimum pH 2, adsorbent amount 1 g, and 30 min contact time with EBT dye (200 mg/L concentration) showed highest 96% decolorization efficacy with Fe–N-BPBC. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order models described equilibrium results. For EBT dye, maximum adsorption efficiency of BPBC and Fe–N-BPBC were 9.74 mg g−1 and 10.17 mg g−1, respectively. The Gibb's free energy (ΔG°) negative value reflects that sorption process was feasible and spontaneous. Alterations in enthalpy (ΔH0) -24.068 kJ mol−1 and entropy (ΔS0) 73.112 J K−1 were recorded for Fe–N-BPBC. Recycling tests have shown that both BPBC and Fe–N-BPBC can be easily reused after several runs, as exhibited 38 and 53% EBT dye removal capacity after five successive cycles. Phytotoxicity test reported that BPBC and Fe–N-BPBC treated EBT dye solution enhanced growth of Pisum sativum specifically by Fe–N-BPBC treated EBT dye solution. Thus, due to high EBT dye removal efficiency, stability and reusability co-doped biochar has shown splendid prospects to convert wastewater into valuable asset for sustainable environment.

Graphical Abstract