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<p>The fungal-related problems in museums typically result from the display or storage of the objects in an uncontrolled environment, especially with the fluctuation of relative humidity and temperature higher than the accepted. This helps accelerate the fungal growth, especially when the object contains organic materials in its composition. A sustainable, eco-friendly method has been tested to control the microbial deterioration of the object using the essential oil (EO) from <i>Thuja orientalis</i> aerial parts. For this purpose, wood blocks of <i>Ficus sycomorus</i> were prepared, and the fine white powder of the limestone (calcite) was used to prepare the ground painting gesso layer or stucco layer. The ground layer was mixed with water and then animal glue, the binding medium, was applied to the wooden samples and dried for 48&#xa0;h at room temperature. Wood samples were divided into two groups: the first was painted with green malachite, and the second was painted with red Cinnabar. The painted wood blocks were treated with concentrations of 100, 50, and 25 µL/mL of the EO. The biodeterioration of the painted blocks of wood, as well as the prepared wood samples with the preparation layer (calcite), was achieved by common mold fungi, namely <i>Fusarium culmorum</i> and <i>Aspergillus niger</i>. The treated painted wood samples were examined through a digital microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM), as well as the color changes (ΔE). The abundant chemical compounds of the essential oil (EO) from <i>T. orientalis</i> areal parts analyzed by the GC–MS were thujopsene (20.56%), α-pinene (17.38%), epicedrol (12.53%), verticiol (6.42%), β-caryophyllene oxide (5.10%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.01%). The highest inhibition zones measured against the growth of <i>F. culmorum</i> and <i>A. niger</i> were found with wood painted with red, green, and white stucco layer, then treated with 100 μL/mL of <i>T. orientalis</i> EO, as shown by the visual observation, digital microscope, and SEM. The lowest ΔE was obverted as calcite-painted wood when inoculated with <i>F. culmorum</i> and <i>A. niger</i> and treated with 25 and 50 µL/mL of <i>T. orientalis</i> EO, respectively; for the red pigment, the lowest ΔE was at 50 µL/mL of <i>T. orientalis</i> EO for <i>F. culmorum</i> and <i>A. niger</i>, and with the treated wood with <i>T. orientalis</i> EO, the lowest ΔE was at 25 and 50 µL/mL when inoculated with <i>F. culmorum</i> and <i>A. niger</i>, respectively. The current study suggests that improving the antimicrobial compounds in paints could be a helpful tactic for reducing the biodeterioration of painting layers and, as a result, indoor air pollution by producing green and eco-friendly materials.</p>

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Assessment of Eco-Friendly Antifungal Treatment Using Essential Oil from Thuja orientalis Aerial Parts with Application to Painted Wooden Samples

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月17日

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  • Mohamed Z. M. Salem,
  • Hasnaa A. M. Abdrabbo,
  • Wael A. A. Abo Elgat,
  • Hala A. M. Afifi

摘要

The fungal-related problems in museums typically result from the display or storage of the objects in an uncontrolled environment, especially with the fluctuation of relative humidity and temperature higher than the accepted. This helps accelerate the fungal growth, especially when the object contains organic materials in its composition. A sustainable, eco-friendly method has been tested to control the microbial deterioration of the object using the essential oil (EO) from Thuja orientalis aerial parts. For this purpose, wood blocks of Ficus sycomorus were prepared, and the fine white powder of the limestone (calcite) was used to prepare the ground painting gesso layer or stucco layer. The ground layer was mixed with water and then animal glue, the binding medium, was applied to the wooden samples and dried for 48 h at room temperature. Wood samples were divided into two groups: the first was painted with green malachite, and the second was painted with red Cinnabar. The painted wood blocks were treated with concentrations of 100, 50, and 25 µL/mL of the EO. The biodeterioration of the painted blocks of wood, as well as the prepared wood samples with the preparation layer (calcite), was achieved by common mold fungi, namely Fusarium culmorum and Aspergillus niger. The treated painted wood samples were examined through a digital microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM), as well as the color changes (ΔE). The abundant chemical compounds of the essential oil (EO) from T. orientalis areal parts analyzed by the GC–MS were thujopsene (20.56%), α-pinene (17.38%), epicedrol (12.53%), verticiol (6.42%), β-caryophyllene oxide (5.10%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.01%). The highest inhibition zones measured against the growth of F. culmorum and A. niger were found with wood painted with red, green, and white stucco layer, then treated with 100 μL/mL of T. orientalis EO, as shown by the visual observation, digital microscope, and SEM. The lowest ΔE was obverted as calcite-painted wood when inoculated with F. culmorum and A. niger and treated with 25 and 50 µL/mL of T. orientalis EO, respectively; for the red pigment, the lowest ΔE was at 50 µL/mL of T. orientalis EO for F. culmorum and A. niger, and with the treated wood with T. orientalis EO, the lowest ΔE was at 25 and 50 µL/mL when inoculated with F. culmorum and A. niger, respectively. The current study suggests that improving the antimicrobial compounds in paints could be a helpful tactic for reducing the biodeterioration of painting layers and, as a result, indoor air pollution by producing green and eco-friendly materials.