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<p>This study investigates the effects of modifying agents ammonia (NH₃) and oxalic acid on the photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO synthesized via a simple and cost-effective sol–gel method to form a novel ZnC₂O₄/ZnO nanocomposite. It further explores the effects of these modifiers on the photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO synthesized through the sol–gel method. XRD, FTIR, SEM, PL and UV–Vis analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of these additives on the electronic and physicochemical properties of ZnO. XRD confirmed the successful synthesis of a ZnO/ZnC₂O₄ nanocomposite with enhanced crystallinity via oxalic acid modification. Scherrer equation calculations revealed increased crystallite size (39&#xa0;nm) and reduced lattice strain (0.002768) compared to the ammonia-modified ZnO sample (28.3&#xa0;nm, 0.003534), indicating improved crystal quality and structural stability. SEM analysis showed variations in particle size and morphology, with the oxalic acid-modified sample exhibiting a finer and more uniform particle distribution. UV–Vis analysis demonstrated a narrower bandgap for the oxalic acid-derived sample (2.7&#xa0;eV) compared to the NH₃-modified ZnO sample (2.85&#xa0;eV), indicating improved visible-light absorption. PL analysis revealed significantly lower emission intensity in the ZnC₂O₄/ZnO nanocomposite, indicating reduced electron–hole recombination due to improved charge separation. The ZnC₂O₄/ZnO nanocomposite exhibited superior photocatalytic efficiency, achieving a 98% degradation rate of MB within 40&#xa0;min, outperforming the NH₃-modified ZnO (81%). The improved photocatalytic performance is due to enhanced charge separation, the presence of secondary phases, and increased surface area. These findings highlight the potential of ZnC₂O₄/ZnO nanocomposites for advanced photocatalytic applications in environmental remediation.</p>

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Engineering a High-Performance ZnC₂O₄/ZnO Nanocomposite: Unveiling the Role of Oxalic Acid and Ammonia in Tuning Structural, Optical, and Photocatalytic Properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月3日

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  • Hamid Kazemi Hakki,
  • Mohammad Najmuldeen Hasan

摘要

This study investigates the effects of modifying agents ammonia (NH₃) and oxalic acid on the photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO synthesized via a simple and cost-effective sol–gel method to form a novel ZnC₂O₄/ZnO nanocomposite. It further explores the effects of these modifiers on the photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO synthesized through the sol–gel method. XRD, FTIR, SEM, PL and UV–Vis analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of these additives on the electronic and physicochemical properties of ZnO. XRD confirmed the successful synthesis of a ZnO/ZnC₂O₄ nanocomposite with enhanced crystallinity via oxalic acid modification. Scherrer equation calculations revealed increased crystallite size (39 nm) and reduced lattice strain (0.002768) compared to the ammonia-modified ZnO sample (28.3 nm, 0.003534), indicating improved crystal quality and structural stability. SEM analysis showed variations in particle size and morphology, with the oxalic acid-modified sample exhibiting a finer and more uniform particle distribution. UV–Vis analysis demonstrated a narrower bandgap for the oxalic acid-derived sample (2.7 eV) compared to the NH₃-modified ZnO sample (2.85 eV), indicating improved visible-light absorption. PL analysis revealed significantly lower emission intensity in the ZnC₂O₄/ZnO nanocomposite, indicating reduced electron–hole recombination due to improved charge separation. The ZnC₂O₄/ZnO nanocomposite exhibited superior photocatalytic efficiency, achieving a 98% degradation rate of MB within 40 min, outperforming the NH₃-modified ZnO (81%). The improved photocatalytic performance is due to enhanced charge separation, the presence of secondary phases, and increased surface area. These findings highlight the potential of ZnC₂O₄/ZnO nanocomposites for advanced photocatalytic applications in environmental remediation.