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<p>Orange G dye is widely used in the paper, fiber, and wood industries. Due to its harmful impact on humans and the environment, several methods are employed to remove the Orange G dye from an aqueous solution. Using algae to remove dye is more economical than the other methods. In this work, <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> has been modified using a ferric chloride solution to improve the removal of which belongs to the azo dyes. This paper aims to investigate the process of removal of Orange G dye using modified algae under different variables carried in an airlift bioreactor (length 37 cm and internal diameter 7&#xa0;cm). The operating conditions of the removal process: initial concentration (10–40&#xa0;ppm), modified algae dosage (0.2–1.4&#xa0;g/l), temperature (20–40&#xa0;°C), pH (3–10), airflow rate (5–40&#xa0;ml/min), contact time (5–60 min). The results show astonishing removal efficiency, reaching 93.5% with an adsorption capacity of 63.4 mg/g. The removal of dye using unmodified algae was 67% (at 3&#xa0;pH), while there was no removal of dye at 7 and 10 pH using unmodified algae; the removal was 93.27% and 76.36% using the modified algae at 7 and 10 pH. The thermodynamic results show that the reaction is endothermic, and both adsorption isotherms and kinetics are carried out. The results show that the best fit is the Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models.</p>

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The Orange G Dye Removal Using Ferric-Modified Algae in Airlift Bioreactor

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月20日

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  • Ahmed A. Aljuboori,
  • Riyadh S. Almukhtar,
  • Asawer A. Alwasiti,
  • Ali H. AlSarji

摘要

Orange G dye is widely used in the paper, fiber, and wood industries. Due to its harmful impact on humans and the environment, several methods are employed to remove the Orange G dye from an aqueous solution. Using algae to remove dye is more economical than the other methods. In this work, Chlorella vulgaris has been modified using a ferric chloride solution to improve the removal of which belongs to the azo dyes. This paper aims to investigate the process of removal of Orange G dye using modified algae under different variables carried in an airlift bioreactor (length 37 cm and internal diameter 7 cm). The operating conditions of the removal process: initial concentration (10–40 ppm), modified algae dosage (0.2–1.4 g/l), temperature (20–40 °C), pH (3–10), airflow rate (5–40 ml/min), contact time (5–60 min). The results show astonishing removal efficiency, reaching 93.5% with an adsorption capacity of 63.4 mg/g. The removal of dye using unmodified algae was 67% (at 3 pH), while there was no removal of dye at 7 and 10 pH using unmodified algae; the removal was 93.27% and 76.36% using the modified algae at 7 and 10 pH. The thermodynamic results show that the reaction is endothermic, and both adsorption isotherms and kinetics are carried out. The results show that the best fit is the Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models.