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<p>This study aimed to compare the performance of QuEChERS and ultrasonic methods for the extraction of chemicals in hookah tobacco samples consumed in Iran as well as to determine the amounts of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds in the smoke of hookah tobacco. To this end, common types of hookah tobacco samples including Khansar, Borazjan, Apple, Orange, and Blueberry were obtained from the Iranian market. The GC-MS method was used to analyze chemicals in the extracted mixtures. Smoke analysis was also performed by GC-MS. Our result revealed that hookah tobacco types contained different chemical compound profiles. Nicotine and palmitic acid β-monoglyceride were the major compounds in traditional hookah tobacco samples including Khansar while flavored tobacco samples showed different chemicals. Nicotine, menthol, 1,8-cineole, and methyl dihydrojasmonate were the major compounds in Apple samples. Other hookah tobacco samples showed different chemical profiles. Moreover, the smoke analysis showed different BTEX profiling in different types of hookah tobacco samples. The highest concentrations of BTEX were detected in Borazjan while the lowest were identified in Apple samples. In conclusion, the current study showed hazardous chemicals in the hookah tobacco samples either traditional or industrial flavored types. We found that different brands of hookah tobacco have distinct chemical profiles and thus can be used in tobacco control programs. Our suggested analytical methodologies and resultant data may be useful for the quality control and toxicological analysis programs of hookah tobacco as a source of environmental pollution.</p>

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Comparative Analysis of Extraction Methods and BTEX Profiling in Iranian Hookah Tobacco

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月26日

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  • Lida Nikbakhtan,
  • Jalal Hassan,
  • Mohammad Kazem Koohi,
  • Mohammad Amrollahi-Sharifabadi,
  • Seyyed Hamid Ahmadi,
  • Mohammadreza Manafi,
  • Leila Torkian,
  • Toheeb Olalekan Oladejo

摘要

This study aimed to compare the performance of QuEChERS and ultrasonic methods for the extraction of chemicals in hookah tobacco samples consumed in Iran as well as to determine the amounts of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds in the smoke of hookah tobacco. To this end, common types of hookah tobacco samples including Khansar, Borazjan, Apple, Orange, and Blueberry were obtained from the Iranian market. The GC-MS method was used to analyze chemicals in the extracted mixtures. Smoke analysis was also performed by GC-MS. Our result revealed that hookah tobacco types contained different chemical compound profiles. Nicotine and palmitic acid β-monoglyceride were the major compounds in traditional hookah tobacco samples including Khansar while flavored tobacco samples showed different chemicals. Nicotine, menthol, 1,8-cineole, and methyl dihydrojasmonate were the major compounds in Apple samples. Other hookah tobacco samples showed different chemical profiles. Moreover, the smoke analysis showed different BTEX profiling in different types of hookah tobacco samples. The highest concentrations of BTEX were detected in Borazjan while the lowest were identified in Apple samples. In conclusion, the current study showed hazardous chemicals in the hookah tobacco samples either traditional or industrial flavored types. We found that different brands of hookah tobacco have distinct chemical profiles and thus can be used in tobacco control programs. Our suggested analytical methodologies and resultant data may be useful for the quality control and toxicological analysis programs of hookah tobacco as a source of environmental pollution.