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<p>In the last few years, electronic cigarettes have quickly increased. In evaluating their safety and in view of upcoming guidelines, toxic metals have the most potential to be monitored in the liquids of electronic cigarettes (e-liquids). A sensitive analytical method using a magnetic-graphene oxide extractor and inductively coupled plasma with optical emission spectroscopy was developed and validated to measure the levels of seven metals in twenty-five e-liquids from a local brand. Extraction of metals by magnetic-graphene oxide had concentrated the level of metals and reduced the significant matrix effect generated from other e-liquid constituents. The Operational factors affecting metal preconcentration and detection were optimized where solution pH and dose of extractant had a significant influence in the process. Regardless of the lack of reference materials for e-liquids, the developed method demonstrated high linearity and precision and allowed the quantification of low levels of seven metals with a quantification limit &lt; 85&#xa0;µg/L for Ni, Hg, Cd, and Co. The highest level of metals in the unused e-liquids was reported for Cu, Cr, and Ni with mean values of 1.43, 4.63, and 4.76&#xa0;µg/g, respectively. Upon vaping, the levels of Ni and Cu were increased by 2 and 50 folds, respectively, in the remaining liquid, mainly due to contact with the device coil. Clustering analysis of e-liquids indicated that the levels of Cu, Ni, and Cr were significant enough to isolate six samples out of twenty-four samples. Although there are no local or international standards on the quality of e-liquids, the proposed analytical method is transposable for official laboratories responsible for the quality of regular and electronic cigarettes.</p>

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Monitoring Metals in e-Liquids upon Vaping using Nano-Magnetic Graphene Oxide Extractor with ICP-OES Detection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月13日

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  • Jafar I. Abdelghani,
  • Moayad A. Khwara,
  • Amjad H. El-Sheikh

摘要

In the last few years, electronic cigarettes have quickly increased. In evaluating their safety and in view of upcoming guidelines, toxic metals have the most potential to be monitored in the liquids of electronic cigarettes (e-liquids). A sensitive analytical method using a magnetic-graphene oxide extractor and inductively coupled plasma with optical emission spectroscopy was developed and validated to measure the levels of seven metals in twenty-five e-liquids from a local brand. Extraction of metals by magnetic-graphene oxide had concentrated the level of metals and reduced the significant matrix effect generated from other e-liquid constituents. The Operational factors affecting metal preconcentration and detection were optimized where solution pH and dose of extractant had a significant influence in the process. Regardless of the lack of reference materials for e-liquids, the developed method demonstrated high linearity and precision and allowed the quantification of low levels of seven metals with a quantification limit < 85 µg/L for Ni, Hg, Cd, and Co. The highest level of metals in the unused e-liquids was reported for Cu, Cr, and Ni with mean values of 1.43, 4.63, and 4.76 µg/g, respectively. Upon vaping, the levels of Ni and Cu were increased by 2 and 50 folds, respectively, in the remaining liquid, mainly due to contact with the device coil. Clustering analysis of e-liquids indicated that the levels of Cu, Ni, and Cr were significant enough to isolate six samples out of twenty-four samples. Although there are no local or international standards on the quality of e-liquids, the proposed analytical method is transposable for official laboratories responsible for the quality of regular and electronic cigarettes.