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<p>The release of hazardous dyes and heavy metals from the textile industry into lakes, rivers, and groundwater is becoming a major issue, significantly raising pollution levels in these water bodies. Conventional water treatment methods often struggle to eliminate these contaminants effectively, underscoring the need for more advanced wastewater treatment techniques. In this study, the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using an aqueous seed extract of <i>Zanthoxylum armatum</i> has been investigated, presenting an eco-friendly and sustainable approach to nanoparticle production. The unique phytochemicals in the seed extract not only facilitate the reduction and stabilization of nanoparticles but also enhance their catalytic efficiency in the degradation of organic dyes, offering a novel method for environmental remediation. The formation of AgNPs followed a first-order kinetic mechanism, characterized by slow nucleation and rapid autocatalytic growth, as evidenced by rate constants (k₁ and k₂). UV–Vis spectroscopy showed a maximum absorption peak at 414&#xa0;nm, indicating successful nanoparticle formation. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy affirmed spherical particles with a mean size of 7.3&#xa0;nm, while X-ray diffraction confirmed their crystalline structure. Factors such as AgNO<sub>3</sub> concentration, temperature, pH, and reaction time were found to influence nanoparticle size and distribution, with optimal formation observed at pH 10. Additionally, the use of water as a solvent and exposure to light resulted in smaller, more uniform nanoparticles. These biosynthesized silver nanoparticles demonstrate superior adsorption properties, making them highly effective in the catalytic degradation of organic dyes in aqueous solutions. Kinetic and mechanistic studies on nanoparticle growth, as well as the factors that influence their formation, are restricted, yet critical for scale-up applications. The current study provides insights into optimizing reaction conditions and understanding the underlying chemical processes, contributing to developing efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment methods.</p>

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Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Seed Extract of Zanthoxylum armatum and Their Kinetic Study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月22日

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  • Anju Bhardwaj,
  • Nidhi Gupta

摘要

The release of hazardous dyes and heavy metals from the textile industry into lakes, rivers, and groundwater is becoming a major issue, significantly raising pollution levels in these water bodies. Conventional water treatment methods often struggle to eliminate these contaminants effectively, underscoring the need for more advanced wastewater treatment techniques. In this study, the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using an aqueous seed extract of Zanthoxylum armatum has been investigated, presenting an eco-friendly and sustainable approach to nanoparticle production. The unique phytochemicals in the seed extract not only facilitate the reduction and stabilization of nanoparticles but also enhance their catalytic efficiency in the degradation of organic dyes, offering a novel method for environmental remediation. The formation of AgNPs followed a first-order kinetic mechanism, characterized by slow nucleation and rapid autocatalytic growth, as evidenced by rate constants (k₁ and k₂). UV–Vis spectroscopy showed a maximum absorption peak at 414 nm, indicating successful nanoparticle formation. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy affirmed spherical particles with a mean size of 7.3 nm, while X-ray diffraction confirmed their crystalline structure. Factors such as AgNO3 concentration, temperature, pH, and reaction time were found to influence nanoparticle size and distribution, with optimal formation observed at pH 10. Additionally, the use of water as a solvent and exposure to light resulted in smaller, more uniform nanoparticles. These biosynthesized silver nanoparticles demonstrate superior adsorption properties, making them highly effective in the catalytic degradation of organic dyes in aqueous solutions. Kinetic and mechanistic studies on nanoparticle growth, as well as the factors that influence their formation, are restricted, yet critical for scale-up applications. The current study provides insights into optimizing reaction conditions and understanding the underlying chemical processes, contributing to developing efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment methods.