Multivariate Sonication-Based Extraction Optimization to Improve the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Anacyclus pyrethrum var. Pyrethrum Root Extracts

The roots of the medicinal plant Anacyclus pyrethrum have been acknowledged for their therapeutic potential in both conventional and contemporary medical practices. In this study, our objective is to optimize the extraction process to obtain a polyphenol-enriched extract with potent antioxidant properties, utilizing the simplex-centroid mixture design. Initially, we investigated the ability of eleven solvents to extract bioactive compounds from the roots of A. pyrethrum. The three most effective solvents (water, methanol, and ethanol) underwent mixture design optimization, where several models were created to assess the combined effects of binary and ternary solvent mixtures. The findings demonstrated the significance of all the generated models and their input parameters. The study revealed that the quantity of extracted phenolic compounds and the total antioxidant activity increased with the rise of water percentage in the binary mixes with ethanol or methanol, as indicated by the analysis of response surfaces derived from the models. However, the ternary and binary mixtures “water–ethanol” and “water–methanol” were the best combinations to extract anti-radical compounds. The extracts were fractionated using four solvents (hexane, dichloromethane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate). Many tests (TAC, DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, chelating power) were utilized to assess the antioxidant activity of the fractions, and the fractions' capacity to scavenge nitric oxide was used to determine the species' anti-inflammatory potential.