Antibacterial Properties of Rod-Like Vanadium Oxide Nanostructures via Ganoderma lucidum Plant Extract Approach

This research presents an innovative method for biosynthesizing vanadium oxide rod-like nanostructures leveraging a Ganoderma lucidum (mushroom) plant extract. By harnessing specific extracts from Ganoderma lucidum, the procedure uniquely employed them as both reducing and capping agents during the nanoparticle formation. These synthesized nanoparticles were then subjected to a detailed characterization using various techniques, such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The FTIR analysis verified the synthesis of the vanadium oxide nanoparticles, with surface capping likely due to phytochemical groups from the plant extract. Additional authentication came from the XRF analysis, which confirmed the significant presence of vanadium, further emphasizing their composition. DLS results showed a favorable average particle size of 57.55 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.356, hinting at a well-distributed size range. Through XRD analysis, a well-defined crystal structure and atomic arrangement were identified for the vanadium nanoparticles, evident from the specific diffraction peaks. Importantly, the SEM study shed light on their unique rod-like morphology—elongated structures of consistent diameter and defined length—underscoring their impressive high aspect ratio. Antimicrobial assessments revealed variable effects against different bacterial strains. While vanadium oxide nanoparticles demonstrated promising inhibitory action against Klebsiella pneumoniae at specific concentrations, they exhibited limited activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli across the studied concentration range. Considering their distinct morphology and the potential antimicrobial properties, these nanoparticles present a rich prospect for a multitude of applications. Their potential extends beyond just antimicrobial uses and may span areas such as catalysis, energy storage, sensing, and other advanced technological applications.